1	EXECUTIVE BUREAUCRACY The only thing that saves us from bureaucracy is inefficiency An efficient bureaucracy is the greatest threat to liberty. --Eugene McCarthy
2	What Do Bureaucrats Do? Execute (Rule enforcement) Regulate (Rule making) Adjudicate (Rule interpretation)
3	View of American Bureaucracy Independent Little Oversight Established by Congress – Can Alter or Eliminate Hostile political culture (Americans distrust government)
4	Bureaucracy – Congressional Turf Incoherent organization - little control / responsibility / accountability Divided control - agencies have two bosses - President vs. Congress
5	Evolving Executive Branch Not mentioned in the Constitution. Growth of bureaucracy * New demands on government * Rise of corporations / progressives * Great Depression * World War II * The regulatory state
6	Bureaucracy - Implies red tape / inefficiency Bureaucracy and bureaucrat - a social organization and the people who work in it
7	Characteristics Executes / Enforces policies of Congress / President Not foreseen by framers Bureaucratic hierarchy
8	More Characteristics Bureaucracy - 7,000 new rules per year (Congress - less than 300) Congress makes vague (shell) laws (bureaucracy fills in the details) 15 years – 236 new depts. / 21 abolished
9	Still More Characteristics Agencies become autonomous (IRS, Post Office) Close supervision impossible President makes top-level appointments (high turnover at top, little elsewhere) Workers - power to obstruct
10	And Still More Characteristics 1 in 6 works for Government 60 Federal Agencies report to President (outside of cabinet departments) Point system / Name Request
11	Executive Office of the President (About 60 agencies) White House office Office of Manage and Budget Council of Economic Advisors National Security Council Office of Policy Development Office of U.S. Trade Representative Office of Science and Technology Office of Administration
12	Advantages of Bureaucracies Ability to organize large tasks Concentration of specialized talent
13	Executive Branch Organization Departments - headed by cabinet-level secretaries (Appointed by the President / Confirmed by the Senate)
14	Executive Departments The Cabinet - 13 department heads (Secretaries) + Attorney General Departments - Defense, Treasury, Justice, State, Interior, Agriculture, Labor, Commerce, Health & Human Services, Housing & Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs
15	Types of Agencies Government corporations – agencies organized like public corporations Independent regulatory commissions - regulate economy / protect public interest
16	Staffing the Executive Branch Executive branch - staffed with spoils system from Andrew Jackson (1828) until late 1900s Changes – after James Garfield (shot by a disappointed office-seeker)
17	Civil Service Act of 1883 (Pendleton Act) Created Civil Service Commission (based on merit) Since 1978 - Office of Personnel Management / Merit Systems Protection Board)
18	Overview Civil service - 60% of federal employees Declining status of civil service 60%Union
19	Federal Bureaucracy Criticisms Bureaucracy always expanding Bureaucracy ineffective Bureaucracy wasteful Bureaucracy mired in red tape Bureaucratic agencies never go away (REA’s 5% money)
20	Criticisms Cont. Too much fraud Too much overlap (41,000 regulations to make a hamburger) Too much power to non-elected Citizens groups better at oversight than Congress
21	Iron Triangles Congressional Committee Interest Group Agency