1	Federalism Powers divided between central government and smaller governmental units (State, County, Local)
2	Welfare Reform 1962 - AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) - Social Act of 1935 – Fed program / Fed administered 1997 - TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) - under Clinton Fed Program / State administered Children in poor / female-head families Different benefits from state to state
3	Welfare Changes Welfare changed in early 1990s 1996 - Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act Partnership between national and state governments illustrates the dispersion of power in our federal system
4	Forms of Government Federalism — powers divided between central government / smaller governmental units Confederation — states retain ultimate authority / can veto actions of central government Unitary — central government has all governmental powers
5	Federalism as a System Federalism - many governing levels (State, County, Local) Federalism - not common No neat boundaries
6	Roots of Federalism Federalism - American invention (many levels of government with preference for local government) Unitary government - most common
7	Federalism Pro and Con Characteristic Advantages Disadvantages
8	Federalism in the Constitution Most power resides with National Government Supremacy clause — Constitution is “supreme law of the land” Enumerated powers — national powers - specifically listed in the Constitution
9	Federal Powers Independent state powers Reserved powers of the states — “Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states” (Tenth Amendment — the “reservation clause”)
10	Relations Between the States Article IV Full faith and credit — states must recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states Privileges and immunities of citizens — states must grant the same legal rights to citizens of other states that it grants to its own citizens
11	Expansion of National Power Effects of the Civil War Amendments (13^th, 14^th, 15^th) Expanded national activity since Civil War (Social Programs, Civil Rights, Taxation)
12	Evolution of Federalism Conflicts between States and Federal Power before Civil War Nullification Slavery Territory expansion Role of the Supreme Court
13	Rise of Grants-in-Aid Grants-in-aid allocate funds to states and local governments for specific purposes Types of grants Categorical grants Block grants General Revenue Sharing Grants in Aid (with strings)
14	Power and Control Contemporary federalism - many questions of control Mandates — require states to carry out policies, when little government aid (unfunded / Under- funded) Conditions on aid — require states to spend money in certain ways to receive federal funding (strings)
15	Consequences Complexity in policymaking Inequality Complex policy Implementation