FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES
CHOCTAW
ORIGINALLY OCCUPIED GEORGIA, ALABAMA, AND SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI AND LOUISIANA.
LESS WARLIKE THAN CHICKASAW AND CREEK.
MUD-AND-BARK CABINS / THATCHED ROOFS.
AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE / ABLE FARMERS.
CORN, BEANS, SWEET POTATOES, PUMPKINS, AND TOBACCO.
USUALLY A SURPLUS TO SELL / TRADE.
RAISED CATTLE, FISHED, HUNTED WITH BLOWGUNS; BOW / ARROW.
18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES - FORCED TO MOVE WEST.
1842 - CEDED LAND TO US / RELOCATED IN INDIAN TERRITORY.
LAND SET ASIDE IN OKLAHOMA.
PART OF FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES,
CHOCTAW ON THE SIDE OF CONFEDERACY .
1907 - CHOCTAW NATION INSTRUMENTAL IN STATE OF OKLAHOMA .
DESCENDANTS TODAY - OKLAHOMA MISSISSIPPI AND LOUISIANA.
CHEROKEE
NORTH AMERICAN TRIBE - SOUTHEASTERN INDIANS.
PART IROQUOIAN.
REMAIN ONE OF LARGEST U.S. TRIBES.
47,000 MEMBERS - EASTERN OKLAHOMA
3000 MORE - "EASTERN BAND" ON QUALLA RESERVATION -NORTH CAROLINA.
MIGRATED IN PREHISTORIC TIMES FROM TEXAS / NORTHERN MEXICO TO GREAT LAKES.
WARS WITH IROQUOIS AND DELAWARE TRIBES FORCED THEM SOUTHEAST TO ALLEGHENY (APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN REGIONS IN MODERN NORTH / SOUTH CAROLINA, TENNESSEE, NORTHERN GEORGIA , ALABAMA.
1540 - HERNANDO DE SOTO ENCOUNTERED THEM.
1715 - SMALLPOX REDUCED POPULATION TO 11,000.
DURING BRITISH-FRENCH STRUGGLE FOR COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA - CHEROKEE SIDED
W/BRITISH.
DURING AMERICAN REVOLUTION TRIBE AIDED GREAT BRITAIN.
1785 - TRIBE NEGOTIATED PEACE TREATY W/US.
RESISTANCE CONTINUED FOR ANOTHER DECADE.
1791 - NEW TREATY RECONFIRMED EARLIER ONE (PART OF CHEROKEE TERRITORY WAS
CEDED TO US)
1790-1817 - PERMANENT RIGHTS OF TRIBE TO REMAINING TERRITORY ESTABLISHED.
3000 OF TRIBE MIGRATED WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI (BECAME WESTERN BAND. )
1820 - TRIBE ESTABLISHED GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM LIKE US.
ELECTED PRINCIPAL CHIEF / SENATE / HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
1827 DRAFTED CONSTITUTION / INCORPORATED AS CHEROKEE NATION.
GOLD DEPOSITS DISCOVERED IN TRIBAL LANDS.
ALREADY REDUCED TO 2,830,000 HECTARES (ABOUT 7 MILLION ACRES) IN NORTHWEST
GEORGIA, EASTERN TENNESSEE, SW NORTH CAROLINA
1819 - STATE OF GEORGIA APPEALED TO THE U.S. GOVERNMENT TO REMOVE CHEROKEE
FROM GEORGIA LANDS.
APPEAL FAILED / ATTEMPTS MADE TO PURCHASE THE TERRITORY.
CHEROKEE NATION ENACTED LAW FORBIDDING ANY SALE ON PUNISHMENT OF DEATH.
1828 - GEORGIA LEGISLATURE OUTLAWED CHEROKEE GOVERNMENT / CONFISCATED
TRIBAL LANDS. CHEROKEE APPEALS FOR FEDERAL PROTECTION REJECTED BY
PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.
 1832 - U.S. SUPREME COURT RULED THAT THE GEORGIA LEGISLATION UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
FEDERAL AUTHORITIES / JACKSON IGNORED THE DECISION.
1835 - 500 LEADING CHEROKEE AGREED TO CEDE TRIBAL TERRITORY FOR $5,700,000 AND
LAND IN INDIAN TERRITORY (NOW OKLAHOMA).
REPUDIATED BY 9/10THS OF TRIBE.
SEVERAL GROUPS ASSASSINATED.
1838 - FEDERAL TROOPS FORCIBLY EVICTING CHEROKEE.
SEVERAL HUNDRED ESCAPED TO NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAINS.
PURCHASED LAND / INCORPORATED IN THAT STATE.
BECAME ANCESTORS OF TODAY’S EASTERN BAND.
MOST OF TRIBE, DRIVEN WEST IN (300-MI) FORCED MARCH.
TRAIL OF TEARS.
20,000 PEOPLE.
4000 PERISHED (HUNGER, DISEASE, AND EXPOSURE.)
CHEROKEE REORGANIZED THEIR GOVERNMENT UNDER CHIEF, JOHN ROSS.
DURING CIVIL WAR, TRIBE SIDED WITH THE CONFEDERACY.
POSTWAR TREATY WITH THE U.S. FREED THE BLACK SLAVES OF TRIBAL MEMBERS.
GENERAL ALLOTMENT ACT OF 1887.
PLOTS OF TRIBAL LAND FORCIBLY ALLOTTED TO INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS.
GOVERNMENT OF CHEROKEE NATION DISSOLVED.
1907 - BECAME U.S. CITIZENS W/OKLAHOMA STATEHOOD. SURPLUS LANDS PARCELED OUT
BY US,
1891 - TRIBE'S WESTERN LAND EXTENSION SOLD. (THE CHEROKEE STRIP OR CHEROKEE
OUTLET).
1893 - OPENED TO WHITE SETTLERS (LAND RUN).
CHEROKEE ECONOMY BASED ON AGRICULTURE.
DEER, BEAR, ELK ALSO HUNTED.
GREEN CORN CEREMONY - TIME OF THANKSGIVING, REKINDLING OF SACRED FIRES.
SPIRITUAL RENEWAL.
TRIBE DIVIDED INTO SEVEN CLANS / WERE DISPERSED IN WAR AND PEACE (HALF-TRIBES).
PEOPLE LIVED IN PERMANENT VILLAGES, (SOME OF BELONGED TO THE WAR MOIETY / REST TO PEACE MOIETY. )
EARLY 19TH CENTURY - CHEROKEE ADAPTED TO WESTERN INSTITUTIONS (GOVERNMENTAL / WESTERN METHODS OF RANCHING / FARMING (INCLUDING THE PLANTATION SYSTEM.)
CHEROKEE PUBLIC SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED.
1825 - SEQUOIA INVENTED AN 85-CHARACTER SYLLABRARY SCRIPT FOR CHEROKEE LANGUAGE.
WIDESPREAD LITERACY FOLLOWED.
1828 - FIRST INDIAN NEWSPAPER (CHEROKEE PHOENIX,)
OKLAHOMA - TRADITIONAL CHEROKEE CULTURE WEAKENED.
OLD WAYS (INCLUDING TRADITIONAL CRAFTS PRESERVED MOSTLY BY THE EASTERN BAND.
OKLAHOMA - CHEROKEES SCATTERED IN URBAN CENTERS / ISOLATED RURAL REGIONS.
OCCUPATIONS - FISHING / INDUSTRIAL LABOR / BUSINESS MANAGEMENT.
IN NORTH CAROLINA - FARMING / FORESTRY / FACTORY WORK / TOURISM.
CREEKS
CREEK, TRIBE OF MUSKOGEAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY.
18TH CENTURY - DOMINANT TRIBE IN A CONFEDERACY OF 30,000.
THE CONFEDERACY OCCUPIED MOST OF ALABAMA / GEORGIA.
MOST POWERFUL OF INDIANS SOUTH OF NEW YORK BESIDE CHEROKEES.
OTHER MUSKOGEAN TRIBES ABSORBED BY CREEKS.
HELD BLACK SLAVES / INTERMARRIED.
WERE AGRICULTURAL TRIBE.
LIVED IN VILLAGES / LOG HOUSES.
HOUSES PLASTERED OUTSIDE W/CLAY.
ARRANGED IN RECTANGLE AROUND CENTRAL SPACE FOR PUBLIC CEREMONIES.
HELD ANNUAL GREENCORN DANCE.
VILLAGES LOCATED AT RIVERS CREEKS.
HENCE NAME BY WHITE TRADERS.
SOME VILLAGES DESIGNATED FOR WAR CEREMONIES.
SOME FOR PEACE CEREMONIES.
CREEK TEMPLES - IMPRESSIVE DOME-SHAPED STRUCTURES.
MADE OF THATCH.
CREEKS - HEAVILY TATTOOED / ORNAMENTED.
DURING REVOLUTION - CREEKS SUPPORTED BRITISH.
1790 - SIGNED PEACE TREATY WITH US.
1813 - INSTIGATED BY BRITISH, AGAIN ATTACKED AMERICANS
MASSACRE - FORT MIMS.
CREEKS - CRUSHED BY GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON IN A BRIEF / BLOODY CAMPAIGN.
CREEKS HAD TO GIVE UP 1/2 ANCIENT TERRITORY.
OTHER CESSIONS QUICKLY FOLLOWED.
1828 - CREEKS SOLD REMAINING TERRITORY.
AGREED TO MOVE BEYOND MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO INDIAN TERRITORY.
A FEW REMAINED BEHIND.
OKLAHOMA - CREEKS NUMBER ABOUT 15,000.
CHICKASAW
OF MUSKOGEAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY / RELATED TO CHOCTAW.
NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI / PARTS OF TENNESSEE / KENTUCKY / ALABAMA.
DWELLED BY STREAMS / RIVERS RATHER THAN IN VILLAGES.
HUNTING, FISHING, AND FARMING.
ORIGINALLY WARLIKE.
CONTROLLED LARGE TERRITORY.
RAIDED NEARBY TRIBES (CHOCTAW, CREEK,
CHEROKEE, AND SHAWNEE).
CONQUERED OTHER TRIBES / SLAVES.
ABSORBED INTO CHICKASAW TRIBE.
COLONIAL PERIOD - CHICKASAWS SUPPORTED ENGLISH AGAINST FRENCH.
FRENCH TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO SUBDUE THEM.
DURING REVOLUTION CHICKASAW W/CONTINENTAL ARMY.
AFTER REVOLUTION - CHICKASAW MAINTAINED FRIENDLY RELATIONS W/NEW NATION.
EARLY 19TH CENTURY - CHICKASAW CEDED MOST OF THEIR TERRITORY TO US.
1830S - ENTIRE 5000-MEMBER TRIBE FORCIBLY RELOCATED INDIAN TERRITORY.
CHICKASAW GOVERNED THEMSELVES.
LIVED NEXT TO TRADITIONAL INDIAN ENEMIES.
1907 - OKLAHOMA A STATE.
SETTLERS FLOODED CHICKASAW LANDS.
TODAY - CHICKASAW / DESCENDANTS NUMBER 6000.
SEMINOLE
MUSKOGEAN LINGUISTIC STOCK.
LIVING IN OKLAHOMA / SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
18TH CENTURY - MEMBERS OF THE CREEK CONFEDERACY.
CREEKS / HITCHITI - RAIDED / SETTLED IN FLORIDA (SPANISH TERRITORY.)
JOINED OTHER REFUGEE INDIANS / ESCAPED BLACK SLAVES,
 CUT OFF FROM CREEK CONFEDERACY WHEN U.S.- FLORIDA BORDER SETTLED.
1819 - UNITED STATES ACQUIRED FLORIDA.
TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR (ANDREW JACKSON) INITIATED INDIAN REMOVAL.
SEMINOLE RESISTANCE FIERCE.
SEMINOLE WARS MOST COSTLY OF U.S. / INDIAN WARS.
1837 - OSCEOLA SEMINOLE LEADER CAPTURED.
1842 - END OF SECOND SEMINOLE WAR.
THOUSANDS OF SEMINOLE FORCIBLY MOVED TO INDIAN TERRITORY.
1858 - END OF THIRD SEMINOLE WAR.
250 MORE WERE SENT WEST.
REST ALLOWED TO REMAIN.
1935 - DESCENDANTS SIGNED PEACE TREATY W/US.
1962 - MIKASUKI ACQUIRED TITLE TO SEMINOLE LANDS IN EVERGLADES.
TODAY - 2000 SEMINOLE IN FLORIDA. (FIVE RESERVATIONS. ).
FARM, HUNT, / FISH.
SOME RUN TOURIST-RELATED BUSINESSES.
MANY LIVE IN THATCH-ROOFED, OPEN-SIDED HOUSES ON STILTS (CHICKEES).
WEAR PATCHWORK AND APPLIQUÉ CLOTHING.
SEMINOLE IN OKLAHOMA GIVEN A SMALLER RESERVATION AFTER CIVIL WAR.
1890S - INDIANS PRESSURED TO DIVIDE TRIBAL LAND INTO INDIVIDUAL ALLOTMENTS.
CEDED SURPLUS TO U.S.
1889 - THIS LAND OPENED TO SETTLERS.
SEMINOLE NUMBER 6000.
MANY BAPTISTS.
BOTH FLORIDA AND OKLAHOMA GROUPS RETAIN TRADITIONAL MUSKOGEAN OBSERVANCES.
US. GOVT. POLICY
AMERICAN POLICY = OLD WORLD POLICY - PUSH WEAKER RACE OUT.
DARWIN’S THEORIES JUSTIFIED / INCREASED AGGRESSION.
1821 - FLA. TREATY W/SPAIN.
FOREIGN INFLUENCE OVER.
INDIANS CANNOT SIDE W/FRENCH OR SPANISH.
EASTERN INDIAN RESERVATIONS UNSUCCESSFUL.
1820S - REMOVAL BEGAN UNDER MONROE TO INDIAN TERRITORY.
(TO LAND OF CADDO, QUAPAW, & OSAGE).
REMOVAL PERFECTED UNDER ANDREW JACKSON.
GA., ALA., MISS., TOOK OVER INDIAN RESERVATIONS. (IGNORED TREATIES).
TREATY OF 1791 GUARANTEED CHEROKEE INDEPENDENCE.
TREATIES W/OTHER TRIBES SAME.
INDIAN REMOVAL BETTER THAN LEAVING INDIANS DEFENSELESS AGAINST WESTWARD
MOVEMENT. CERTAIN EXTINCTION)
1830 - CONGRESS PASSES INDIAN REMOVAL ACT.
SET UP $500,000, FOR EXPENSES OF INDIAN RELOCATION. (ACCOMPLISHED 1829 - 1834)
DISEASE WIPED OUT MOST DURING RELOCATION.
THEFT BY FED. OFFICIALS.
IMPROVISED WINTER QUARTERS BAD. (CHOLERA, MEASLES).
BLACK HAWK, CHIEF OF SAUK & FOX (FOUGHT W/ BRITISH IN 1812).
FAMOUS TRACK STAR JIM THORP-3/4 SAUK & FOX / 1/4 POTTAWATOMIE.
FOUGHT TO HOLD ANCIENT LANDS (ROCK RIVER, ILLINOIS).
AGREED TO CROSS MISS. R.
MET HOSTILE SIOUX, RETURNED STARVING.
ILLINOIS MILITIA MASSACRED INDIANS (WOMEN & CHILDREN).
NATIVE PEOPLES OF THE WEST
GREAT BASIN - UTE / PEYOTE / SHOSHONE.
(WANDERING BANDS)
AR.& NM - PIMA / ZUNI / HOPI (DESERT FARMERS).
SO. OF GRAND CANYON - NAVAJO (SCATTERED, SKILLED WEAVERS.)
APACHES LIVED FURTHER SO. FEARED BY OTHER PLAINS INDIANS.
INDIAN TERRITORY - OKLAHOMA, "CIVILIZED TRIBES", FORCED OUT OF GA., AL., MISS.
BY 1820 - 1/3 OF CHEROKEES (6,000 OF 20,000) VOLUNTARILY MOVED TO INDIAN TERRITORY.
CASH CROP AG. / HAD SLAVES.
TOWN LIFE / WRITTEN LANGUAGE / SCHOOLS, NEWSPAPERS.
INDIAN TERRITORY - NO STATE, OR TERRITORY LAW. (OUTLAW HIDEOUT)
GREAT PLAINS INDIANS RESISTED.
(COMANCHE / ARAPAHO / CHEYENNE / MANDAN / CROW / SIOUX / NEZ PERCE / BLACKFOOT.
PLAINS CULTURE
EVERYTHING DEPENDED ON BUFFALO / HORSE. (FOOD, CLOTHING, BLANKETS, SHELTER,
BOWSTRINGS, FUEL.)
PLAINS INDIANS NOMADIC (FOLLOWED HERDS.)
SKILLED HORSEMEN.
TRIBES FOUGHT EA. OTHER. (HORSES / WOMEN / TOOLS / BRAVERY.)
1860 - ONLY 225,000 GREAT PLANES INDIANS. (NEVER GREAT NUMBERS)
WAGON TRAINS.
SOURCE FOR TRADING / STEALING.
LITTERED PLAINS WITH GOODS.
WHITES SOMETIMES. (SOURCE FOR TRADING / STEALING.)
NARCISSA PRENTISS WHITMAN
1847 - MISSIONARY TO INDIANS IN OREGON. (11YRS)
CAYUSE KILLED 14.
WHITMAN TRIED TO TRANSFORM INDIANS - FARMERS, PRESBYTERIANS.
CAYUSE SUFFERED WHITE MANS DISEASE.
DIDN'T UNDERSTAND / EVIL.
WHITE MAN'S WAY TO TREAT LAND
DIVIDE / DISTRIBUTE / REGISTER.
INDIAN HOSTILITIES
MEANT FORTS / SOLDIERS / CUSTOMERS
INDIANS SAVAGE / WRITERS / ARTIST
SUN DANCE, "MAN CALLED HORSE" (RICHARD HARRIS)
SUSPENDED BY PINS / BONES THROUGH CHEST MUSCLES.
WHITES SAW INDIAN MIND AS BLANK SLATE.
INDIANS DON'T USE LAND PROPERLY.
SELFISH / WANT TO MUCH / GREEDY.
CAN'T DECIDE FUTURE FOR THEMSELVES. ("MANIFEST DESTINY")
REFORMERS, MUST KILL INDIANNESS.
INSIDE EVERY INDIAN - AMERICAN CITIZEN WANTING OUT.
RATIONS / ANNUITIES / MADE INDIANS DEPENDENT, TOOK AWAY WILLINGNESS TO
WORK.
EXPENSIVE TO AMER. TREASURY.
1887 INDIANS HELD 138 MILLION ACRES.
1927 INDIANS HELD 60 MILLION ACRES.
INDIANS ALSO LOST 27 OF 60 MILLION ACRES TO DAWES ACT.
NAVAJOS - ON COLORADO R. RESERVATION.
OVERSTOCKED SHEEP / GOATS. (BASIS OF IDENTITY, SECURITY.)
STOCK REDUCTION - ARBITRARY / SUDDEN / SEIZURE OF PRIZED POSSESSIONS.
WHITE MAN SOMETIMES PROMISING ALLY.
WHITES USEFUL AGAINST OTHER TRIBES.
RACE RELATIONS BAD BETWEEN INDIANS / MEXICANS.
SCALP HUNTERS, BOUNTY.
U.S. COMMITTED TO CONTROLLING INDIANS.
RAIDS OF MEXICANS / INDIANS AGAINST OTHER INDIANS.
SOMETIMES BLAMED ON WHITES.
CA. & OREGON NEVER RATIFIED 15TH
AMENDMENT (VOTING RIGHTS).
DIDN'T GIVE INDIANS & MONGOLIANS THE VOTE.
PASSED LAWS AGAINST INTERMARRIAGE.
TRAIL OF TEARS: THE TRAGEDY OF CHEROKEE NATION.
INDIANS (NATIVE AMERICANS) - SAFE UNTIL WAR
OF 1812.(ENGLISH / SPANISH PRESENCE -
INDIANS COULD SIDE W/THEM)
BLOOD LAW OF 1829 - SELL NO MORE LAND TO WHITE MAN. (DEATH PENALTY / ANYONE
CAN KILL VIOLATOR)
CHEROKEES RECEIVE NAMES AFTER ADULTHOOD.
MAN WHO WALKS ON MOUNTAIN TOP - THE RIDGE.
8/1807 - RIDGE MURDERS CHEROKEE CHIEF DOUBLE HEAD.
GUNSHOT IN MOUTH / TOMAHAWK IN HEAD.
FOOT ON MAN'S HEAD / BOTH HANDS TO PULL OUT.
NO CHARGES / (CONSPIRED TO SURRENDER LAND TO U.S.)
TRIBE DEPENDENT ON WHITE TRADERS.
THOMAS JEFFERSON - ORDERED AGENTS TO GET INDIANS IN DEBT.
TAKE LAND AS PAYMENT.
VICIOUS CYCLE - POVERTY / ALCOHOLISM / CORRUPTION DESTROYING TRIBE.
THE RIDGE SIDED W/ U.S. IN WAR OF 1812.
FOUGHT AGAINST NEIGHBORING CREEKS W/BRITAIN / TECUMSEH. (LEADER OF
SEVERAL TRIBES ON SIDE OF BRITISH).
1814 - RIDGE HELPED ANDREW JACKSON WIN BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND.
AGAINST WILLIAM WEATHERFORD / UPPER CREEKS (RED STICKS)
800 UPPER CREEKS KILLED).
THE RIDGE HOPED TO GET FAVORED STATUS / PROTECT LANDS FOREVER.
JACKSON FORCED CREEKS TO GIVE UP 20 MILLION ACRES.
(EVEN LOYAL CREEKS NOT INVOLVED IN WAR).
LAND NOW IN ALABAMA / S. GEORGIA.
JACKSON THEN TOOK 3 MILLION ACRES FROM CHEROKEE ALLIES, (THE RIDGE).
PAID 20 CENTS PER ACRE.
JACKSON'S GOAL - COMPLETE REMOVAL.
EA. CHEROKEE WHO WOULD REMOVE WOULD RECEIVE: RIFLE / AMMUNITION / BRASS
KETTLE, OR BEAVER TRAP.
1817-1827 CHEROKEES ORGANIZED GOVT. / BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE).
TRIBE A REPUBLIC. (WRITTEN CONSTITUTION).
CHEROKEES ADOPT WHITE MAN'S CIVILIZATION.
HUNTING GONE IN GEORGIA.
INDIANS NOW SCRATCHING AFTER EVERY RACCOON SKIN BIG ENOUGH TO COVER A
SQUAW'S _ _.
CHEROKEES (IN GEO.) SET UP AG.
22,000 CATTLE / 7,600 HORSES / 46,000 PIGS / 2,500 SHEEP / 767 LOOMS / 2,488 SPINNING
WHEELS / 172 WAGONS / 10,000 PLOWS / 31 GRIST MILLS / 10 SAWMILLS / 62 BLACKSMITH
SHOPS / 8 COTTON GINS / 18 SCHOOLS / 18 FERRIES.
LIVED LIKE SOUTHERN PLANTATION GENTRY.
THE RIDGE - WEALTHY (OWNED 30 BLACK SLAVES).
RIDGES NEPHEW - ELIAS BOUDINOT. (SINGLE HANDILY TRANSLATED NEW TESTAMENT
FROM GREEK TO CHEROKEE.)
1820'S - BOTH MEN MARRIED WHITE WOMEN
FROM HIGH SOCIETY NEW ENGLAND.
INTERMARRIAGE COMMON AMONG INDIANS. (RIDGE MIXED BLOOD). / TRIBE LEADERSHIP
DOMINATED BY MIXED BLOODS. (MANY SCOTTISH TRADERS.)
MANY ONLY SPOKE ENGLISH (NO CHEROKEE).
ADOPTED WHITE MANS WAYS.
JOHN ROSS, WHITEST OF ALL / 1/8 INDIAN.
PRES. OF NATL. COMMITTEE OF CHEROKEES.
1827 - WROTE CHEROKEE CONSTITUTION.
EDUCATED IN WHITE BOARDING SCHOOL IN TENN.
DURING WAR OF 1812 - INDIAN TRADER W/GET / MANY CONTRACTS.
SUPPLIED FOOD / BLANKETS FOR ANDY. JACKSON AT HORSESHOE BEND.
ROSS - COMPLETELY SUPPORTED BY CHEROKEES.
GEORGIA - LAND HUNGRY.
1802 - CHEROKEES CEDED MISS. / ALA. TO U.S. PROMISED INDIAN LAND.
PRES. MONROE / J. QUINCY ADAMS - SENT AGENCIES TO CONNIVE / TRICK / TRADE
CHEROKEES OUT OF LAND.
CHEROKEES RESISTED. (U.S. BELIEVED INDIANS DIDN’T OWN LAND. JUST PASSING through.
CAN'T SET UP SEPARATE NATION WITHIN U.S.
ROSS WROTE THAT CHEROKEES WOULD NEVER CEDE ANOTHER FOOT OF LAND.
CHEROKEES SENT ELIAS BOUDINOT ON TOUR OF U.S. TO TELL THEIR STORY.
VERY CIVILIZED IN APPEARANCE / IMPRESSIVE / MONROE / ADAMS - RELUCTANT TO
PRESSURE CHEROKEES.
12/1827 GEORGIA LEGISLATURE PASSES LAW -
INDIAN LAND BELONGS TO GEORGIA.
CHEROKEE NATION WOULD CEASE TO EXIST 6/1/1830.
1828 ANDREW JACKSON ELECTED.
GEORGIA’S FRIEND.
WOULD NOT TOLERATE FOREIGN GOVT. WITHIN EXISTING STATE.
WOULD NOT STOP GA. FROM TAKING CHEROKEE NATION.
1830 JACKSON'S INDIAN REMOVAL BILL CONTROVERSIAL.
MUCH OPPOSITION.
PASSES BY 1 VOTE.
U.S. SUPREME CT. (CH. JUSTICE JOHN MARSHAL) RULED AGAINST GA.
JACKSON REFUSED TO ABIDE BY SUPREME CT. RULING. ("MARSHAL HAS MADE HIS RULING - LET HIM ENFORCE IT.")
JACKSON REMOVES TROOPS PROTECTING INDIAN.
SPAIN WEAKER
1835 - 40,000 WHITES INVADE GA. (TWICE AS MANY AS INDIANS LEFT).
JACKSON MAKES INDIAN LIFE INTOLERABLE.
CHEROKEES SPLIT.
ROSS LEADS MAJORITY. HOPE TO HOLD OUT TILL AFTER ELECTION.)
ELIAS BOUDINOT LEADS MINORITY.
BOUDINOT' S GROUP CONTROLS
NEWSPAPER. ATTACKS ROSS IN PRINT).
MUCH ANIMOSITY.
1832 - JACKSON REELECTED.
1834 - JACKSON HOLDS SECRET MEETING W/PRO-TREATY CHEROKEES. (RIDGE /
BOUDINOT COLLABORATE W/JACKSON)
CHEROKEE TRIBAL COUNCIL BACKS ROSS.
NEW INDIAN AGENT - JOHN SCHERMERHORN.( SLEAZY / CHEATS / FONDLES
INDIAN WOMEN)
 SCHERMERHORN MAKES TREATY W/MINORITY GROUP.
5/23/1838 - JACKSON’S DEADLINE FOR REMOVAL. (16,000 CHEROKEES NOT READY)
GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT / 7,000 TROOPS SENT TO REMOVE INDIANS BY FORCE.
SET UP 23 CONCENTRATION CAMPS.
CAPTURED 15,000 CHEROKEES IN 25 DAYS.
500 DIED IN STOCKADES IN HOT SUMMER.
ROSS DECIDES SITUATION HOPELESS.
CHANGES POSITION / CUT LOSSES.
ROSS TAKES OVER REMOVAL OPERATION.
JOURNEY A DISASTER / SITUATION HOPELESS.
BAD ROADS / NO SHELTER / NO SHOES / RAINS / BLIZZARDS.
FARMERS / SETTLERS HOSTILE ALL THE WAY.
CHEROKEES NEVER CRY IN PUBLIC.
CRY ON TRAIL OF TEARS.
1,500 DIE ON TRAIL / 1,500 MISSING.
4,000 OF 20,000 LOST ON TRAIL.
1/4 OF TRIBE WIPED OUT.
6/22/1839 - JOHN RIDGE (SON OF RIDGE) DRAGGED ON OF BED BY MASKED MEN.
STABBED 25 TIMES IN FRONT OF WIFE / KIDS.
ELIAS BOUDINOT ATTACKED BY 4 STRANGERS.
HACKED TO DEATH W/TOMAHAWK.
THE RIDGE SENIOR (ALMOST 70) RIDDLED W/BULLETS.
VIOLATED BLOOD LAW OF 1829.
NO EVIDENCE / NO MURDERERS CAUGHT.
ROSS REMAINS PRINCIPLE CHIEF UNTIL DEATH 27 YRS. LATER. (1866)
NO EVIDENCE THAT HE ORDERED KILLINGS.
1829 - SAM HOUSTON - FOUNDER OF TX. REPUBLIC.
LEAVES WIFE / GOVERNORSHIP - MOVES OT OK.
TAKES CHEROKEE WIFE (TALIHINA).
SETTLES 3 MI. NW OF FT GIBSON.
ESTABLISHED NEOSHO TRADING POST / SALOON.
US GOVT. RECOGNIZED INDEPENDENT TRIBES / SOVEREIGN NATIONS.
NEGOTIATED TREATIES SEPARATELY.
1848 - DEPT. OF INTERIOR CREATED.
1850 - INDIAN TRIBES PUSHED TOGETHER.
25 YRS. BLOODSHED.
DESTRUCTION OF BUFFALO
TRANSATLANTIC RR. CHANGED EVERYTHING.
KILLED BUFFALO FOR FOOD.
HARMLESS.(15 MILLION UNTIL 1860)
BUFFALO ROBES DISCOVERED.
BUFFALO HUNTERS KILLED 1,000 PER DAY. EASY TARGETS).
1900 - ONLY FEW HUNDRED BUFFALO LEFT.
MOST RAPID EXTINCTION OF SPECIES IN HISTORY.
1862-1890 - INDIAN WARS
200+ BATTLES.
ARMY WANTED DECISIVE BATTLES.
INDIANS HIT & RUN.
FRUSTRATION / CRUELTY RESULTED. (LIKE VIETNAM / SPANISH-AMERICAN. WAR)
SIOUX RESISTED / WON 2 VICTORIES.
ATTACKED US. CAVALRY AND INFANTRY AT ROSEBUD CREEK, MONTANA.
FORCED SOLDIERS TO RETREAT.
1864 - INDIANS WIPED OUT WAGON TRAIN NEAR DENVER, CO.
COL. CHIVINGTON’S VOLUNTEERS.
EX. PREACHER / FANATIC.
11/29/1864 - SAND CREEK MASSACRE. / 100 MI. FROM DENVER.
1,000 VOLUNTEERS ATTACKED 500 SLEEPING CHEYENNE AT SAND CREEK.
CHEYENNE CHIEFS BLACK KETTLE / WHITE ANTELOPE HAD PEACE TREATY IN EFFECT.
TURNED IN ARMS AT FT. LYON / ARMS RETURNED.
INDIAN CAMP FLYING 6’X12’ AMER. FLAG / SEVERAL WHITE FLAGS.
SOLDIERS SLAUGHTERED 150 MEN / MOSTLY OLD (BRAVES OUT HUNTING.)
 WOMEN / CHILDREN - SEXUALLY MUTILATED.
ALL SCALPED - MEN / WOMEN / CHILDREN.
WHITE ANTELOPE - CASTRATED / TOBACCO POUCH.
BODIES LEFT FOR WOLVES / STILL THERE 1 MONTH LATER.
6/1876 - ONE LAST BATTLE.
CUSTER LED 265 OF 7TH CAVALRY AGAINST SIOUX.
MOST EXPERIENCED IN WEST.
MONTANA’S LITTLE BIGHORN RIVER.
INDIANS WON / DOOMED.
ONLY FEW MILES FROM ROSEBUD CREEK, MONTANA. (SCENE OF SIOUX’S GREATEST
BATTLE)
1876 - INDIANS HEMMED IN / STARVING / MANY DEAD.
1877 - CRAZY HORSE SURRENDERS.
LEADS PEOPLE TO RESERVATION.
BAYONETED TO DEATH BY SOLDIER.
1881 SITTING BULL (LEADER OF SIOUX AT LITTLE BIGHORN) SURRENDERED.
END OF GOLDEN AGE FOR SIOUX / LASTED 100 YRS.
10/5/1877 - CHIEF JOSEPH (37) / CHIEF OF SAHAPTIN TRIBE (NEZ PERCE).
FOUGHT LONGEST / MOST BRILLIANT CAMPAIGN AGAINST US. ARMY.
1863 - NEZ PERCE CEDED MOST OF THEIR ILLINOIS LAND TO US.
AGREED TO MOVE TO SMALL RESERVATION IN IDAHO.
DIDN’T STAY ON RESERVATION / LAND NO GOOD.
US. ARMY ENFORCED TREATY.
SEVERAL GO ON WARPATH (W/O CHIEF JOSEPH APPROVAL).
KILLED 25+ WHITES.
VICTORY IMPOSSIBLE / JOSEPH HEADED FOR CANADA.
ONLY 200 FIGHTING MEN / 600 WOMEN / CHILDREN).
RAN / FOUGHT OVER 1,000 MILES OF WILDERNESS.
1877 - DEFEATED US. CAVALRY AT BIG HOLE MONTANA.
LED PEOPLE TO BEAR PAW MOUNTAINS (30 MILES FROM CANADA).
STOPPED TO REST WOMEN / CHILDREN.
CAVALRY CAUGHT UP / SURROUNDED JOSEPH.
HELD OFF CAVALRY 5 DAYS.
10/5/1877 - SURRENDERED / 87 MEN LEFT.
NEARLY ALL WOUNDED.
350 WOMEN / CHILDREN LEFT.

"I AM TIRED OF FIGHTING. THE OLD MEN ARE
ALL DEAD. MY BROTHER WHO LED THE YOUNG
MEN IS DEAD. IT IS COLD, AND WE HAVE NO
BLANKETS. THE LITTLE CHILDREN ARE
FREEZING TO DEATH. MY PEOPLE, SOME OF
THEM HAVE RUN AWAY TO THE HILLS. NO ONE
KNOWS WHERE THEY ARE. I WANT TO HAVE
TIME TO LOOK FOR MY CHILDREN, AND SEE
HOW MANY I CAN FIND. MAYBE I SHALL FIND
THEM AMONG THE DEAD. HEAR ME, MY CHIEFS.
FROM WHERE THE SUN NOW STANDS, I WILL
FIGHT NO MORE FOREVER.

JOSEPH / PEOPLE TAKEN TO KANSAS/ THEN TO
INDIAN TERRITORY.
MOST DIED FROM MALARIA.
A FEW RETURNED TO IDAHO.
JOSEPH NEVER WENT HOME / WAS MOVED TO RESERVATION IN WASH. STATE.
1903 - JOSEPH MET "GREAT FATHER" T. ROOSEVELT.
1904 - DIED AT 64 / OFFICIAL CAUSE - BROKEN HEART.
ONLY 4 BANDS OF CHIRICAHUA APACHE STILL FREE.
ROAMED ARIZONA / NM.
GREAT CHIRICAHUAS CHIEFS - COCHISE / MANGAS COLORADAS.(SOLDIERS CUT OFF HIS HEAD / BOILED IT).
ATROCITIES COMMITTED BY SOLDIERS BECAUSE INDIANS BELIEVED SPIRITS SPENT ETERNITY IN CONDITION OF DEATH.
GERONIMO - MOST FAMOUS APACHE.
RAIDED 5 MORE YRS.
AT END - ONLY 16 WARRIORS / 12 WOMEN / 6 CHILDREN.
5,000 US. SOLDIERS / 3,000 MEXICAN SOLDIERS AFTER HIM.
ONLY 6,000-8,000 APACHES IN BEGINNING.
GERONIMO BORN IN MEXICO (W. NM. TODAY).
APACHES - 200 YRS. OF BLOOD BATH FROM SPANIARDS / MEXICANS.
POLICY OF GENOCIDE / BOUNTY ON APACHE SCALPS
GERONIMO - MEDICINE MAN / SEER / BATTLE LEADER. (NEVER CHIEF).
MASTER PLANNER / OPPORTUNIST. DISTRUSTFUL / CURIOUS / PRAGMATIC.
MARKSMAN W/PISTOL / RIFLE.
GERONIMO / BAND - INVITED TO JANOS, MEX. TO TRADE.
MEX. SOLDIERS FOUND WOMEN / CHILDREN.
KILLED 25 / CAPTURED 60 / SOLD AS SLAVES.
GERONIMO' S MOTHER / WIFE / 3 CHILDREN DEAD (SCALPED).
HATED MEXICANS REST OF LIFE.
KILLED W/O PITY.
KILLED 600 IN LAST 5 MOS. OF CAREER.
NEVER SAW WHITE MAN UNTIL 1850S.
DIDN’T HATE AT FIRST.
ALLOWED BUTTERFIELD STAGE THROUGH
APACHE PASS.
US. ARMY AFTER COCHISE / TOOK 6 COMPANIONS / HIS WIFE / 2 CHILDREN / BROTHER / 2 NEPHEWS HOSTAGE.
COCHISE TOOK WHITES FOR TRADE.
US. ARMY WOULD NOT TRADE / COCHISE TORTURED / MURDERED / MUTILATED ALL.
US. ARMY HANGED ALL MALE RELATIVES OF COCHISE.
APACHES NOW HATED WHITES / MEXICANS.
US. INDIAN AGENT INVITED GERONIMO TO CAMP UNDER TRUCE.
GERONIMO TAKEN PRISONER (50 YRS. OLD) AGENT WANTED TO HANG HIM.
US. GOVT. REFUSED TO ALLOW HANGING.
AGENT RELEASED GEROMINO / RESIGNED.
GEROMINO RAIDED ACROSS SW. (ARIZONA / NM.)
KILLED RANCHERS / SETTLERS.
(SAVAGE / TORTURE / RETALIATED FOR MOTHER / WIFE / CHILDREN.
COULDN’T SLEEP LATER / HEARD SCREAMS OF CHILDREN.
GREOMINO SURRENDERED AGAIN.
PROMISED HE WOULD BE UNITED W/REMAINDER OF FAMILY.
ARMY LIED / SENT TO FT. MARIAN, FLA. / FT. SILL (LAWTON, OK.)
1905 - GERONIMO PLEADS W/T. ROOSEVELT TO GO HOME.
BE BURIED AMONG MOUNTAINS / ROOSEVELT SAID NO.
1909 - GERONIMO (85) / FALLS OFF HORSE IN WINTER / LAYS IN DITCH ALL NIGHT / DIED 4
DAYS LATER (PNEUMONIA).
BURIED AT FT. SILL.
265 CHIRICAHUAS SURVIVED / DISPERSED /
INTERMARRIED. IMPOSSIBLE TO TRACE TODAY.
HUNTING AND WARFARE CENTER OF SIOUX CULTURE.
OTHER WORK DONE BY WOMEN.
SIOUX BEATEN BY CANNON / RAILROAD / LOSS OF BUFFALO / PLOWS/ RESERVATIONS.
WHITE AGENTS RESTRICTED INDIANS TO ONE WIFE.
INDIAN MALES LOST ADULT ROLES.
INDIAN CHILDREN TO BOARDING SCHOOL.
CUT HAIR / HORRIFIED INDIANS.
AGAINST THEIR RELIGION / ASSOC. W/DEATH.
SIOUX HUMILIATED / PRIDE HURT / HUNGARY / ANGRY.
GHOST DANCE.
1889 - INDIAN MESSIAH.
WOVOKA - 35 / PAIUTE.
WHITE NAME - JACKSON WILSON.
AT PAIUTE RESERVATION - WALKER LAKE NAVADA.
STUDIED CHRISTIANITY.
TAUGHT INDIAN VERSION OF NEW TESTAMENT.
DEAD WILL BE RESURRECTED.
WOULD HAVE PERFECT HEALTH.
WOULD BE YOUNG AGAIN.
LIFE WOULD BE PERFECT.
INDIANS WOULD LIVE IN PEACE.
WOULD NEVER HURT ANYONE.
ONLY FOR TRUE BELIEVERS.
KEEP SECRET FROM WHITES.
WEWOKA ORDERED A GHOST DANCE.
8 SIOUX (INCLUDING KICKING BEAR) FROM PINE RIDGE RESERVATION / SO. DAKOTA.
1,000 MILES AWAY / TRAVELED BY TRAIN TO WALKER LAKE, NAVADA.
2 SIOUX (INCLUDING SHORT BULL) FROM ROSEBUD RESERVATION, SO. DAKOTA.
1 SIOUX FROM CHEYENNE RIVER RESERVATION, SO. DAKOTA.
CAME BACK W/MILITANT VERSION OF GHOST DANCE.
PROMISED VICTORY OVER WHITES.
INDIANS WOULD OWN THE PLAINS AGAIN.
NEW HOPE / NO MORE HUMILIATION.
1890 - MIL. VERSION SPREAD TO ALL SIOUX RESERVATIONS.
AGENTS TRIED TO STOP GHOST DANCE.
SIOUX AGGRESSIVE / THREATENED INDIAN POLICE
ARMY SENDS ARMY / CALVARY INTO RESERVATIONS.
11/20/1890 - TROOPS OCCUPY PINE RIDGE / ROSEBUD RESERVATIONS.
3 DAYS LATER REST OF 7TH CAVALRY ARRIVED.
INDIANS DID NOT RETREAT.
SHORT BULL / KICKING BEAR AT STANDING ROCK RESERVATION, SD. TAKE UP GHOST DANCE.
SITTING BULL - STANDING ROCK RESERVATION, TAKES UP GHOST DANCE.
SITTING BULL INFLUENTIAL.
INDIAN AGENT (JAMES MCLAUGHLIN) DECIDES TO ARREST SITTING BULL.
INDIAN POLICE (INCLUDING LT. BULL HEAD SENT TO MAKE ARREST.
SITTING BULL AGREES TO GO AT FIRST.
17 YR. OLD SON (CROW FOOT) CHIDES HIM.
SITTING BULL CHANGES MIND.
INDIAN BEAR THAT CATCHES) PULLS OUT RIFLE, WOUNDS BULL HEAD.
INDIAN POLICE, BULL HEAD / RED TOMAHAWK SHOOTS / KILLS SITTING BULL.
CROW FOOT UNDER BLANKETS / PLEADS FOR LIFE / KILLED BY INDIAN POLICE.
6 SOLDIERS KILLED / 8 INDIANS DEAD.
WAR DEPT. ORDERS BIG FOOT’S ARREST / PINE RIDGE RESERVATION. (OLD / SICK /
RESPECTED / LEADER)
WOUNDED KNEE
12/28/1890 - 7TH CAVALRY MET BIG FOOT ON ROAD.
TAKEN BACK TO WOUNDED KNEE CREEK (TRADING POST)(102 INDIAN MALES / 230
WOMEN, CHILDREN)
500 CAVALRY. NO ATTEMPT TO DISARM ON ROAD)
CAVALRY SURROUND CAMP / INSTALL CANNONS ON HIGH GROUND.
NEXT MORNING CAVALRY DEMANDS WEAPONS.
BIG FOOT GIVES 2 BROKEN RIFLES.
SOLDIERS SEARCH / FIND 30 MORE.
MANY MORE HIDDEN UNDER BLANKETS.
ONE SIOUX (BLACK COYOTE) PULLS RIFLE / WAVES AROUND.
STRUGGLE FOLLOWS / GUN GOES OFF / OTHER BRAVES PULL OUT RIFLES / SHOOTING
BEGINS.
SIOUX WOMEN / CHILDREN RUN FOR CREEK / RAVINE.
NEARLY ALL CUT DOWN BY CAVALRY GUNFIRE / CANNONS.
INDIANS HAD MODERN RIFLES / VERY ACCURATE / CAVALRY RESPOND BY SHOOTING
ANYTHING THAT MOVES.
CAVALRY - 25 DEAD / 39 WOUNDED.
INDIANS - 146 DEAD (1/2 WOMEN, CHILDREN)
12/29/1890 - GHOST DANCE OVER.
GOOD INTENTIONS / BAD RESULTS.
BROKEN TREATIES.
HERDED TO WORTHLESS LAND.
FEW WESTERN INDIANS CAN FARM
RESERVATIONS NOT FIT FOR FARMING ANYWAY.
INDIANS DID NOT UNDERSTAND LAND OWNERSHIP.
1887 - DAWES ACT PASSED.
REFORMERS IN CONGRESS TRIED TO FIX INDIAN PROBLEM]
DAWES ACT TO ABOLISH TRIBE.
TRIBE - BASIC SOCIAL GROUP.
GOOD INTENTIONS / AMERICANIZE INDIANS / DISSOLVE TRIBES.
DIVIDE RESERVATIONS INTO 160 ACRE HOMESTEADS.
1 FOR EACH HOUSEHOLD.
INDIANS OWNED LAND / COULD SELL IT.
DAWES ACT LEFT LARGE AMT. OF RESERVATION LAND LEFT OVER.
1890-1900 - GREATEST US. EXPANSIONIST ERA IN HISTORY.
INDIANS LOST.
FORTS CREATED TO PROTECT INDIANS FROM EACH OTHER.
FT. GIBSON / FT. SMITH / FT. TOWSON / FT. COFFEE / FT. WAYNE / FT. ARBUCKLE / FT.
HOLMES / FT. WASHITA.
SOON USED TO PROTECT INDIANS FROM SETTLERS.
NW. INDIANS REMOVED TO MISSOURI INDIAN TERR.
SETTLERS MOVED IN IMMEDIATELY.
MISSOURI INDIANS REMOVED TO KANSAS INDIAN TERR.
SETTLERS MOVED IN IMMEDIATELY.
KANSAS INDIANS REMOVED TO OKLA. INDIAN TERR.
1907 - WESTERN 1/2 OF OKLA. OPENED TO SETTLERS.
1820-1880 - 60 TRIBES MOVED ON TOP OF TRIBES ALREADY THERE.
CHOCTAWS 1ST TO RELOCATE TO INDIAN TERR.
22,000 - MOST NUMEROUS IN INDIAN TERR. AT TIME.
HUNTED RED RIVER / ARK. RIVER / INTO OKLA.
CHIEF PUSHMATAHA - BEST KNOWN CHOCTAW WARRIOR.
LIKED INDIAN TERR.
PUSHMATAHA MET W/JACKSON AT MAKE TREATY OF DOAK’S STAND. (MISSISSIPPI)
GOT BEST DEAL OF CIVILIZED TRIBES. (NOW S. 1/2 OF OK.)
CHOCTAWS SLOW TO LEAVE MISS.
CREEKS (MUSKOGEES) MOVED TO TRIANGLE IN CENTER OF INDIAN TERRITORY (W. OF KIAMICHIS).
SCOTTISH TRADERS IN CONTACT W/ CREEKS EARLY.
BECAME MIXED BLOOD COMMUNITIES.
MACINTOSH / GRAYSON / STIDHAM / MCGILLVRAY.
WILLIAM WEATHERFORD - WAR CHIEF OF UPPER CREEKS (RED STICKS BECAUSE OF WAR
PAINT).
BATON ROUGE.
UPPER CREEKS FOUGHT W/ BRITAIN IN WAR OF 1812.
WIPED OUT MANY SOUTHERN SETTLEMENTS IN US.
1813 - UPPER CREEKS ATTACKED S. ALA. / SLAUGHTERED 400 MEN, WOMEN, CHILDREN.
TERRORIZED ALA. SETTLERS.
BATTLE OF - JACKSON / PUSHMATAHA / GEN. MACINTOSH (LOYAL CREEKS) FIGHT WILLIAM WEATHERFORD RED STICKS IN E. ALA.
WEATHERFORD CRUSHED.
ENTIRE CREEK NATION FORCED TO PAY REPARATIONS.
ALL CREEKS LOST LARGE PART OF THEIR LAND.
COMSTOCK LODE $400 MILLION IN GOLD / SILVER.
1862 - TOMBSTONE, AZ.
1864 - HELENA, MONTANA.
1876 - BLACK HILLS, SD. (PLACER MINING)
1891 - CRIPPLE CREEK, COLORADO.
SETTLERS DRIVE SIOUX ONTO GREAT PLAINS.
SIOUX LIFE FROM WOODLANDS TO PLAINS.
WEAKENED FAMILY STRUCTURE.