W.W.I TRIUMPH/TRAGEDY FOR AMERICAN PEOPLE.
W.W.I CREATED TEMP OPPORTUNITIES FOR BLACKS / WOMEN / FARMERS.
W.W.I - CLIMAX TO PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT.
AMERICAN POWER INCREASED.
INCREASED INFLUENCE OF FED. GOVT. CREATED GREAT ADMIN BUREAUCRACY.
W. WILSON’S WAR TO END ALL WARS.
"TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY."
W.W.I STIMULATED PRIDE, PATRIOTISM IN U.S.
4,791,172 AMERICANS SERVED.
2 MILLION WENT OVERSEAS.
230,074 WOUNDED
48,909 DIED.
NINE MILLION DEAD EUROPEANS.
1.4 MILLION FRENCH.
1.7 MILLION RUSSIANS.
1 MILLION AUSTRIANS.
2 MILLION GERMANS.
8 MILLION BRITISH.
.5 MILLION ITALIANS.
.5 MILLION BELGIANS.
GREAT WAR BEGAN IN EUROPE, SUMMER 1914.
WOUND DOWN TO DAILY SLAUGHTER OF TRENCHES, BARBED WIRE.
TECHNOLOGY OF KILLING VASTLY IMPROVED.
RAPID FIRE RIFLES. / IMPROVED EXPLOSIVES / INCENDIARY SHELLS./ SMOKELESS POWDER./ TRACER BULLETS.
IMPROVED ARTILLERY (DIRECTED BY SPOTTERS).
DEFENSIVE TECHNOLOGY IMPROVED.
MACHINE GUN - ELIMINATED SUCCESSFUL FRONTAL ASSAULTS. GENERALS ON BOTH SIDES STILL ORDER CHARGES TO THE DEATH.
LAST WAR TO USE CAVALRY
AIRPLANE NO LONGER USED ONLY FOR OBSERVATION AFTER 1918.
TANKS IN USE BY 1916.
BATTLE OF CAMBRAI - BRITISH USED 400 TANKS.
FIRST MAJOR TANK RAID IN MILITARY HISTORY.
POISON GAS IN 1916.
GERMAN INVADES BELGIUM (BRUTAL, ATROCITIES).
WILSON DOES NOTHING.
AMERICANS TRICKED INTO WAR BY ENGLISH?
BRITISH PROPAGANDA?
ANGLO-SAXON TRADITION?
U.S. NOT NAIVE.
6/28/1914 - W.W.I BEGINS IN EUROPE.
INVOLVED 32 NATIONS.
TWENTY-EIGHT NATIONS - ALLIES / ASSOCIATED POWERS.
(INCLUDING GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, RUSSIA, ITALY, AND THE UNITED STATES).
CENTRAL POWERS - GERMANY / AUSTRIA-HUNGARY / TURKEY / BULGARIA.
SERBIAN STUDENT (MEMBER OF BLACK HAND) TERRORIST ASSASSINATED AUSTRIAN - HUNGARIAN ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND & WIFE (HEIR TO
AUSTRO - HUNGARIAN THROWN) IN SARAJEVO. CAPITAL OF BOSNIA).
BOTH SIDES HAD GOOD PROPAGANDA. (LIKE HEARST’S JOURNAL & PULITZER’S WORLD).
NATIONALISM GROWING - GB / FRANCE / GER.
GB & GER. IN BATTLESHIP BUILDING RACE.
EUROPE = YEARS OF DISTRUST / SUSPICION / JEALOUSY. NATIONALISM -
MANIFEST IN ECONOMIC CONFLICT.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
IN GREAT BRITAIN - (END OF THE 18TH CENTURY).
IN FRANCE - (EARLY 19TH CENTURY).
IN GERMANY - (AFTER 1870).
INCREASE IN MANUFACTURES.
NEED FOR FOREIGN MARKETS.
EUROPEAN NATIONS ONLY ARMED FOR "SELF-DEFENSE,"
ALSO, NOT TO STAND ALONE IF WAR DID BROKE OUT.
SOUGHT ALLIANCES W/OTHER POWERS.
TWO HOSTILE MILITARY ALLIANCES.
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE - GERMANY / AUSTRIA-HUNGARY / ITALY.
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE - GREAT BRITAIN / FRANCE / RUSSIA.
JULY 28 - AUSTRIA DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA.
FELT RUSSIA WOULD NOT FIGHT FOR SERBIA
PREPARED TO RISK A EUROPEAN CONFLICT TO END SERBIA MOVEMENT.
RUSSIA MOBILIZED AGAINST AUSTRIA.
GERMANY WARNED RUSSIA - CONTINUED MOBILIZATION WOULD ENTAIL WAR.
8/11914 - GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA.
FRANCE MOBILIZED ON SAME DAY.
8/2/1914 - GERMAN TROOPS ENTERED LUXEMBOURG.
8/3/1914 - GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE.
8/2/9114 - GERMANY INFORMED BELGIUM OF INTENTION TO MARCH ON FRANCE THROUGH BELGIUM TO STOP AN ATTACK ON GERMANY BY FRENCH TROOPS.
BELGIUM REFUSED TO PERMIT PASSAGE OF GERMAN TROOPS.
CALLED ON TREATY OF 1839. (GUARANTEED NEUTRALITY OF BELGIUM IN CASE OF CONFLICT IF GREAT BRITAIN / FRANCE / GERMANY INVOLVED).
8/4/1914 - BRITAIN SENT ULTIMATUM TO GERMANY.
DEMANDED BELGIAN NEUTRALITY BE RESPECTED.
GERMANY REFUSED.
BRITAIN DECLARED WAR SAME DAY.
ITALY REMAINED NEUTRAL UNTIL MAY 23, 1915.
(TO SATISFY ITS CLAIMS AGAINST AUSTRIA).
ITALY BROKE WITH TRIPLE ALLIANCE.
DECLARED WAR ON AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
9/1914 - ALLIED UNITY STRONGER BY THE PACT OF LONDON.
(FRANCE / GREAT BRITAIN / RUSSIA.)
OTHER COUNTRIES DRAWN INTO CONFLICT.
(TURKEY / JAPAN / U.S.)
JAPAN HAD ALLIANCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN (FROM 1902) 8/23/1914 - JAPAN
DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY.
(ALL BECAUSE OF SECRET DEFENSE TREATIES)
8/4/1914 - WILSON PROCLAIMS U.S. NEUTRALITY.
U.S. HAS NO MAJOR STAKE IN WARS OUTCOME. (WOULD REMAIN UNINVOLVED.)
8/20/1914 - BRITAIN ISSUED ORDER IN COUNCIL.
WOULD ALLOW TRADE W/BELLIGERENTS
HAD LONG LIST OF CONTRABAND. (CONTRARY TO DECLARATION OF LONDON OF 1909.)
(SIGNED BY ALL LEADING POWERS)
9/26/1914 - US. PROTESTED LOUDLY.
9/5/1914 - 9/12/1914 - BATTLE OF THE MARNE RIVER.
500,000 CASUALTIES.
NO WINNER.
GER. ADVANCE STALLED.
FRANCE SPARED.
GER. SUPPLY LINES LONG. / ARMY LARGE / COMMUNICATIONS DIFFICULT.
BOTH SIDES DIG TRENCHES / LAY BARBED WIRE.
NO MANS LAND CREATED.
US. LOANS $500 MILLION TO FRANCE / ENGLAND.
US. PURCHASED $2.3 BILLION MORE IN BONDS.
MANY YOUNG AMERICANS VOLUNTEERED FOR FRENCH FOREIGN LEGION /
LAFAYETTE ESCADRILLE. (RICH AMERICAN PILOTS ATTACHED TO FRENCH ARMY.)
A STRUGGLE FOR HONOR.
LIKE SPLENDID LITTLE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR.
MANY AMERICANS COULD NOT WAIT TO GET INTO WAR.
T ROOSEVELT LED MOVEMENT TO GET U.S. INTO WAR.
MOST AMERICANS FAVORED ALLIES / TIES OF LANGUAGE, CULTURE.
8 MILLION AUSTRIANS AND GERMANS LIVED IN U.S.
MOST IRISH WERE ANTI-ENGLISH MORE THAN ANTI-GER.)
MOST AMERICANS HAD ROMANTIC CONNECTIONS TO FRANCE.
HELPED W/U.S. REVOLUTION.
PRESENTED STATUE OF LIBERTY.
REAL NEUTRALITY IMPOSSIBLE / NEWSPAPERS PRESENTED GER. AS BARBARIC HUNS.
US. INSISTED ON TRADE W/ALL BELLIGERENTS.
US. INSISTED W/FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS.
GB. BROKE INTERNATIONAL LAW.
NAVAL BLOCKADE OF CENTRAL POWERS.
MINED THE NORTH SEA.
SEIZED AMER. SHIPS W/CONTRABAND (EVEN FOOD / RAW MATERIAL)
PAID US. FOR SHIPMENTS TO KEEP US. QUITE.
WILSON THREATENED GB. / BACKED DOWN.
ACCEPTED BRITISH CONTROL OF SEAS.
ACCEPTED BRITISH BLOCKADE. (SAME AS US. BLOCKADE OF GER.)
DID NOT ACCEPT GER. BLOCKADE OF BRITISH ISLES.
SUBS.
2/4/1915 - GER. RETALIATED W/SUB. WARFARE.
2/10/1915 - ANNOUNCED WAR ZONE AROUND GB.
BLOCKADED BRITISH ISLES.
WOULD SINK EVEN NEUTRAL SHIPS.
GER. ONLY HAD 9 DIESEL SUBS / 12 GAS SUBS.
US. INSISTED ON 19TH CENTURY RULES OF NAVAL WARFARE.
WARN PASSENGER / MERCHANT VESSELS BEFORE ATTACK.
SUBS LOSE ADVANTAGE.
SUBS. LOSE ELEMENT OF SURPRISE / VULNERABLE ON SURFACE.
US. PROTESTS - VIOLATION OF NEUTRAL RIGHTS.
US. WOULD HOLD GER. STRICTLY ACCOUNTABLE.
GB. FLYING US. FLAGS (NEUTRAL) ON MERCHANT SHIPS.
US. MORE CONCERNED W/ SUBS. KILLING AMERICANS.
MOST AMERICANS - PRO ALLIED FORCES.
STILL DID NOT WANT US. INVOLVEMENT.
US. HAS GREAT ECONOMIC STAKE IN ALLIED VICTORY.
WILSON - US. HAS RIGHT TO SEAS.
GER. MUST GIVE WARNINGS.
PASSENGERS / CREW MUST BE REMOVED FROM MERCHANT SHIPS.
SUBS TOO SMALL FOR PASSENGERS.
SOME MERCHANT SHIPS ARMED.
GER. ASKS US STATE DEPT. TO WARN AMERICANS AGAINST TRAVEL ON
BELLIGERENT SHIPS.
3/1915 - BRITISH LINER (FALABA) SUNK IN IRISH SEA.
103 DEAD / 1 AMERICAN.
QUESTION - DO AMERICANS HAVE RIGHT TO TRAVEL IN WAR ZONE ON
BELLIGERENT SHIPS?
5/1/1915 - GER. ISSUES WARNING - ENTER WAR ZONE AT OWN RISK.
5/1/1915 - US. TANKER GULFLIGHT HIT BY GER. TORPEDO.
IN MIDDLE OF FIGHT BETWEEN GER. SUB 7 BRITISH WARSHIP.
5/1/1915 - GER. EMBASSY IN WASH. ISSUES WARNING.
AMERICANS ENTER WAR ZONE AT OWN RISK.
ADS. IN NY TIMES - DON’T SAIL ON LUSITAINIA.
5/7/1915 - BRITISH LINER, LUSITANIA SUNK.
1,198 KILLED.
128 AMERICANS DEAD
5/13/1915 - LUSITANIA NOTES -
WILSON INSISTS ON US. RIGHT TO TRAVEL ON ANY SHIP ANYWHERE.
THREATENED GER.
DEMANDED REPARATIONS.
GER. APOLOGIZES / PROMISED TO PAY DAMAGES.
GER. CLAIMED US. NOT NEUTRAL.
CLAIMED LUSITANIA ARMED / CARRIED MUNITIONS.
HAD RIFLES & AMMO.
6/9/1915 - WILSON’S 2ND LUSITANIA NOTE -
DEMANDS SPECIFIC PLEDGES FROM GER.
(BACKS US. INTO CORNER)
7/21/1915 - WILSON’S 3RD LUSITANIA NOTE -
ULTIMATUM - REPETITION OF ACT WOULD BE CONSIDERED UNFRIENDLY.
(SAME AS SAYING ENEMY)
GER. PLEDGES NOT TO SINK LINERS W/O WARNING.
GER. SECRETLY ORDERS SUB COMMANDERS NOT TO ATTACK LINERS W/O
WARNING (EVEN IF UNDER ENEMY FLAG).
8/19/1915 - GER. SINKS BRITISH LINER (ARABIC).
WILSON THREATENED.
GER. APOLOGIZES / WILL PAY REPARATIONS.
ARABIC PLEDGE - WILL NOT SINK UNARMED LINERS THAT DO NOT RUN / RESIST.
US. HAS FEW MERCHANT VESSELS IN ATLANTIC.
250 AMERICANS KILLED ON HIGH SEAS IN WAR.
ONLY 3 ON US. SHIPS.
WILLINGLY SAILED INTO WAR ZONE ON BELLIGERENT SHIPS.
WILSON TOOK RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALL AMERICANS WHEREVER THEY MAY BE. (INCLUDING WAR ZONE)
NO MATTER ON WHOSE SHIPS THEY MAY BE ON.
WILSON FOREIGN POLICY UNPREDICTABLE.
ANY LITTLE GER. SUB COMMANDER HAS POWER TO GET US. INTO WAR.
WILSON NOW BACKED INTO CORNER / W/THREATS.
WILSON FOREIGN POLICY -
1915 - SENT MARINES / TOOK DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AFTER BITTER CIVIL WAR
5/1916 - SET UP NEW DOMINICAN REPUBLIC GOVT.
7/28/1915 - SENT MARINES / OCCUPIED HAITI.
PROPPED UP FAILING PRO-US. GOVT.
BECAME US. PROTECTORATE FOR 10 YRS.
US. MUST APPROVE ALL HAITIAN ECONOMIC ACTIONS.
US. KEPT MARINES IN NICARAGUA / WERE SENT IN BY TAFT / REMAINED UNTIL
1933.
3/13/1915 - PANCHO VILLA EXECUTES 18 US. ENGINEERS INVITED TO MEX. BY
CARRANZA TO OPERATE ABANDONED MINES.
WILSON DID NOTHING.
3/1916 - PANCHO VILLA RAIDS COLUMBUS NM. / KILLED 17
WILSON SENDS GEN. JOHN J. PERSHING / 15,000 MAN ARMY INTO MEX.
FDR. IN 1939 WOULD NOT.
7/30/1915 - GER. AGENTS BLOW UP MUNITIONS PLANT ON BLACKTOM ISLAND, NJ.
$22 MILLION IN DAMAGES
9/24/1915 - GER. AGENTS BLOW UP CANADIAN CAR & FOUNDRY, KINGSLAND, NJ.
$33 MILLION IN DAMAGES.
11/21/1915 - GER. SECRETLY ORDERS SUBS TO CONSIDER ALL SHIPS IN WAR ZONE AS TROOP TRANSPORTS.
1916 - GER. HAS 47 SUBS.
ANNOUNCES - WILL SINK ALL ARMED MERCHANT SHIPS IN WAR ZONE W/O WARNING.
WOULD REGARD MERCHANT SHIPS AS POSSIBLE TROOP TRANSPORTS.
WILSON PROTESTS.
3/24/1916 - BRITISH LINER SUSSEX SUNK.
SEVERAL US. PASSENGERS INJURED.
WILSON CLAIMS VIOLATION OF ARABIC PLEDGE.
4/18/1916 - WILSON ISSUES ULTIMATUM.
GER. MUST STOP UNRESTRICTED SUB. WARFARE OR US. WILL SEVER RELATIONS.
GER. WAR PLANNERS DIVIDED ON PRESSING US.
5/4/1916 - SUSSEX PLEDGE - WILL SEARCH MERCHANT SHIPS BEFORE SINKING.
GER. WARS US. TO MAKE BRITISH FOLLOW INTERNATIONAL LAW ALSO.
WILSON REPLY’S - GER. MUST RESPECT US. NEUTRAL RIGHTS WHETHER BRITAIN DOES OR NOT.
GER. BACKS OFF ON UNRESTRICTED SUB. WARFARE.
1916 - WILSON BARELY WINS ELECTION.
RUNS ON - HE KEPT US OUT OF THE WAR.
1/22/1917 - WILSON ADDRESS TO SENATE
ANNOUNCED PEACE W/O VICTORY - US. GOAL.
WANTED PEACE AMONG EQUALS.
NO VENGEANCE.
NO INDEMNITIES.
REFERRED TO NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION (LEAGUE OF NATIONS).
GER. HAD NO FORMAL WAR AIMS WHEN WAR BEGAN.
1/31/1917 - GER. RESUMES UNRESTRICTED SUB. WARFARE.
GER. WILL SINK ALL SHIPS IN WAR ZONE.
MOST IMPORTANT DECISION FOR GER.
BAD MOVE / US. MUST ENTER WAR.
SINKING ONLY BELLIGERENT SHIPS MIGHT HAVE KEPT US. OUT OF WAR.
WILSON NOW IN CORNER.
2/3/1917 - USS HOUSTONIC SUNK.
2/3/1917 - US. SEVERS DIPLOMATIC TIES W/ GER.
ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM.
BRITISH CUT GER. CABLE AT OUTBREAK OF WAR.
SECRETLY TAP US. CABLE.
GER. FOREIGN SEC. ALFRED ZIMMERMANN SENDS MESSAGE TO GER. EMBASSY IN MEX.
BRITISH SPIES INTERCEPT TELEGRAM FROM GER. TO EMBASSY IN MEX..
BRITISH BREAK INTO GER. EMBASSY IN MEXICO / RETRIEVE MESSAGE.
MESSAGE GIVEN TO US.
US. FURIOUS.
IF US. ENTERED WAR / IF MEX. COOPERATED W/ GER. / IF GER. WON WAR / MEXICO WOULD GET BACK TERR. LOST TO US. IN MEX. WAR.
2/26/1917 WILSON ARMS MERCHANT SHIPS.
3/12/1917 - 3/21/1917 - GER. SINKS 5 US. SHIPS. DECEMBER - GERMANY INFORMED THE U.S. THAT CENTRAL POWERS PREPARED PEACE NEGOTIATIONS.
U.S. INFORMED THE ALLIES.
GREAT BRITAIN REJECTED GERMAN OFFER.
GERMANY HAD NO SPECIFIC TERMS FOR PEACE.
MILITARY SITUATION TOO FAVORABLE TO CENTRAL WILSON CONTINUED HIS MEDIATOR EFFORTS.
CALLED FOR BELLIGERENTS TO SPECIFY TERMS FOR PEACE.
1917: U.S. ENTRANCE—RUSSIAN WITHDRAWAL
3/3/1918 - TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK.
2/1/1917 - GERMANY ANNOUNCED UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE AGAINST SHIPPING TO GREAT BRITAIN. GERMANY CALCULATED THAT SUB. WARFARE WOULD DEFEAT GREAT BRITAIN IN SIX MONTHS.
U.S. HAD ALREADY EXPRESSED OPPOSITION TO UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE.
VIOLATED RIGHTS AS A NEUTRAL.
THREATENED TO BREAK RELATIONS W/GERMANY OVER THE ISSUE.
2/3/1917 - THE U.S. BROKE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH GERMANY.
PERU / BOLIVIA / BRAZIL, ALSO DID SO.
WILSON ASKS CONGRESS FOR DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST GER.
4/6/1917 US. DECLARES WAR ON GER.
US. ONLY HAS 200,000 IN ARMY.
ARMY EXPANDED TO 4 MILLION.
U.S. MOVED TO RAISE AND TRANSPORT STRONG MILITARY FORCE.
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (AEF).
COMMANDED BY GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING.
6/1917 - MORE THAN 175,000 AMERICAN TROOPS TRAINING IN FRANCE.
11/1917 - AEF NEARLY 2 MILLION.
US. NOT FORMALLY AN ALLY.
KNOWN AS ASSOCIATE POWER.
ALLIED PROSPECTS FOR VICTORY VERY BAD.
ALLIED SHIPPING LOSES EXCEED 200,000 TONS PER MO.
(UP TO 881,000 TONS IN ONE MO.)
LOSSES GREATER THAN ABILITY TO REPLACE.
FRENCH LOSSES GREAT / MORALE POOR.
BRITISH BATTLES INDECISIVE / CASUALTIES HIGH.
GER. STILL OVEREXTENDED.
GER. ALLIES (TURKS/ AUSTRIANS) SUFFER MANY DEFEATS
BRITISH BLOCKADE OF GER. WORKING WELL.
3/1917 - CZAR DEPOSED IN RUSSIA.
11/1917 - BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION BEGINS. (NOV. REVOLUTION) 11/7 - BOLSHEVIK PARTY SEIZED POWER BY FORCE.
BOLSHEVIK’S WITHDREW FROM THE WAR.
NEW DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC LED BY ALEXANDER KERENSKY (DEMOCRACY - MODERATE BOLSHEVIKS)
11/1917 - LENIN RETURNS FROM EXILE IN SWITZERLAND.
LED RADICAL BOLSHEVIKS TO VICTORY OVER KORENSKY (DR. ZHAVIGO).
RUSSIA PULLS OUT OF ALLIED AGREEMENT
11/1917 - ARMISTICE SIGNED BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN AND AUSTRO-GERMAN NEGOTIATORS.
FIGHTING CEASED ON THE EASTERN FRONT.
ALLIES BEGAN OFFENSIVE / THREE MONTHS LATER RESULTED IN GERMAN CAPITULATION.
BRITISH AND FRENCH FORCES WON THE SECOND BATTLE OF THE SOMME.
DROVE GERMANY BACK.
AMERICANS ADVANCED PARTLY THROUGH THE ARGONNE FOREST.
BROKE GERMAN LINES BETWEEN METZ AND SEDAN.
GERMANY WANTED TO TALK PEACE WITH THE ALLIES.
WILSON WOULD NEGOTIATE ONLY W/DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS.
SPRING 1918 - GER. .BEGINS ONE LAST MASSIVE GROUND OFFENSIVE.
TRIES TO WIN BEFORE US. CAN GET INTO WAR.
GERMANS IN RAPID RETREAT ON THE ENTIRE WESTERN FRONT.
DEFEAT OF GERMANY CATASTROPHIC TO THE ESTABLISHED GERMAN GOVERNMENT.
THE GERMAN FLEET MUTINIED.
AN UPRISING DETHRONED THE KING OF BAVARIA.
11/1918 - EMPEROR WILLIAM II FLED TO THE NETHERLANDS. 11/11/1918 - ARMISTICE SIGNED.
GERMANY MUST SURRENDER MOST OF THEIR FLEET.
10 BATTLESHIPS / 17 CRUISERS / 50 TORPEDO BOATS / 100+ SUBMARINES.
1919 - TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919) PROVIDED THAT ALL GERMAN SHIPS BECOME PROPERTY OF THE ALLIES.
SIZE OF FUTURE GERMAN NAVY TO BE DRASTICALLY LIMITED. 6/21/1919 - GERMANY SCUTTLED MOST OF THEIR SHIPS.
PRINCIPAL WEAPONS - ARTILLERY / MACHINE GUN.
NEW WEAPONS - TANKS / AIRPLANES. (TOO FEW TO BE DECISIVE).
STIMULUS TO PRODUCTION / MILITARY USE OF AIRCRAFT.
AIRCRAFT USED FOR OBSERVATION AND BOMBING.
AIRPLANES USED TO OBSERVE TROOPS AND DEFENSES OF THE ENEMY / FOR BOMBING THE ENEMY.
8/30/1914 - 1ST GERMAN AIR RAID ON PARIS.
12/21/1914 - 1ST GERMAN AIR RAID ON ENGLAND.
1915-1916 - THE GERMAN ZEPPELIN RAIDED EASTERN ENGLAND AND LONDON 60 TIMES.
11/28/1916 - 1ST GERMAN AIR RAID ON LONDON.
RAIDS WERE FREQUENT DURING REMAINDER OF WAR.
OBJECT OF GERMAN RAIDS - DESTROY MORALE OF CIVILIAN POPULATION.
RAIDS CAUSED MUCH LOSS OF LIFE AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY / ACCOMPLISHED LITTLE OF MILITARY VALUE.
1915 - AERIAL COMBATS COMMON.
GERMANS HAD SUPERIORITY IN THE AIR ON THE WESTERN FRONT FROM OCTOBER 1915 TO JULY 1916,.
AIR SUPREMACY PASSED TO THE BRITISH.
WITH U.S. ENTRY INTO THE WAR ALLIED AIR SUPREMACY BECAME OVERWHELMING
4/1918 - U.S. HAD THREE AIR SQUADRONS AT THE FRONT.
11/1918 - US. HAD 45 SQUADRONS (800 PLANES / 1200 OFFICERS.
AMERICAN AIR SERVICE INCREASED FROM 1200 AT BEGINNING OF WAR TO 200,000 AT END.
AMONG ACES - EDDIE RICKENBACKER (1894-1956).
CANADIAN - WILLIAM AVERY BISHOP.
GERMAN - BARON MANFRED VON RICHTHOFEN.
1916 - GER. INTRODUCED POISON GAS.
GER. DEVELOPED SUBS - EFFECTIVE AGAINST ENGLISH SHIPPING. SUBMARINE WARFARE
GERMAN SUBMARINE CAMPAIGN SEEMED LIKELY TO SUCCEED.
END OF 1916 - GERMAN SUBMARINES DESTROYING 300,000 TONS OF BRITISH / ALLIED SHIPPING IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC.
4/1917 - 875,000 TONS.
GERMANS HAD CALCULATED THAT 600,000 TONS MONTHLY FOR SIX CONSECUTIVE MONTHS WOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO WIN.
GERMANY DOUBLY CERTAIN OF VICTORY AFTER APRIL. GREAT BRITAIN - ADOPTED SYSTEM OF CONVOYING FLEETS OF MERCHANT VESSELS WITH WARSHIPS.
GERMAN SUBMARINE CAMPAIGN LESS EFFECTIVE.
9/1917 - ALLIED SHIPS WERE STILL BEING SUNK BUT GERMANS WERE SUSTAINING HEAVY LOSSES IN SUBMARINES.
U.S. RAPIDLY BUILDING NEW SHIPPING.
3/1918 - ALLIES TURNING OUT MORE NEW SHIPS THAN
GERMANS DESTROYING.
GERMAN EFFORT TO END THE WAR BY SUBMARINE WARFARE HAD CLEARLY FAILED.
GER. / OTTOMAN EMPIRE / BULGARIA / AUSTRIA INFLICTED HUGH LOSSES ON RUSSIANS.
DESPAIR / DISORGANIZATION / STARVATION / REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA.
WILSON WANTS PEACE W/O VICTORY / PEACE AMONG EQUALS.
IF GER. HAD SUNK ONLY BELLIGERENT SHIPS (NO LARGE LINERS) US. WOULD HAVE STAYED OUT UNTIL TOO LATE.
DID US. BLUNDER INTO WAR?
WILSON AFRAID GER. WOULD UPSET BAL. OF POWER IN EUROPE?
US. ENTRY INTO WAR INEVITABLE?
14 POINTS - TREMENDOUS IMPACT.
CALLED FOR SELF DETERMINATION .
RAISED HOPES EVERYWHERE.
WILSON SHOULD HAVE MADE MORE DEMANDS BEFORE GETTING TO WAR.
WILSON - MOST PRESTIGE OF ANY PRES.
PLAN DEFEATED IN PARIS / CONGRESS.
FRANCE - PREMIER GEORGES CLEMENCEAU - WHO IS THIS WILSON W/HIS 14 POINTS? / GOD ONLY HAD 10.
GER. MUST BE KEPT DOWN.
ENGLAND - PRIME MINISTER DAVID LLOYD GEORGE - FAVORED GER. STRONG ENOUGH TO PRESSURE FRANCE / RICH ENOUGH TO BUY ENGLISH PRODUCTS.
PEACEMAKING
WILSON WANTED INTO WAR SO US. COULD HAVE INPUT IN PEACE TREATY?
WANTED TO CONTROL WAR’S END.
11/2/1917 - JAPAN TAKES ADVANTAGE OF US. PREOCCUPATION W/W.W.I.
21 DEMANDS ON CHINA.
TAKES SOUTHERN MANCHURIA.
US. RESISTS / REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE JAPAN’S TERMS. (ONLY COUNTRY TO DO SO)
US. - ONLY OBSTACLE TO JAPAN’S CONTROL OF CHINA. (IMPORTANT FOR PEARL HARBOR).
WILSON’S 14 POINTS - MASTERSTROKE.
WILSON’S 1ST BIG MISTAKE -
1/1918 - WILSON DID NOT LINK 14 POINTS W/US. ENTRY INTO WAR.
WILSON’S 2ND BIG MISTAKE -
6/1919 - WILSON NEGOTIATED TREATY OF VERSAILLES ALONE.
WILSON - US. / GEORGES CLEMENCEAU - FRANCE / DAVID LLOYD GEORGE - ENGLAND / VITTORIO ORLANDO - ITALY
(GERMANY / RUSSIA NOT A PART).
WILSON’S 3RD BIG MISTAKE -
WILSON DID NOT INVOLVE ANY FROM CONGRESS. (BOTH HOUSES REPUBLICAN CONTROLLED)
14 POINTS -
1 - PEACE TREATY NEGOTIATED PUBLICLY.
2 - GUARANTEE OF FREEDOM OF HIGH SEAS. (IN PEACE TIME OR WAR).
3- NO BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
4 - REDUCE WORLD ARMS.
5 - REDRAW EUROPE’S BORDERS.
6 - RUSSIAN TERR. RETURNED.
7 - AUSTRIA/HUNGARY TO BE AUTONOMOUS.
8 - FREE BALKANS.
9 - INDEPENDENT POLISH STATE.
14 - CREATE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
WILSON SOLD ALLIES ON LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
W.W.II NOW SET.
PEACE DICTATED BY VICTORS.
NOT NEGOTIATED W/EQUALS.
11/19/1919 - US. CONGRESS VOTES DOWN LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
WILSON WOULD NOT NEGOTIATE W/CONGRESS.
WASHINGTON CONFERENCE -
11/11/1921 - SEC. OF STATE CHARLES EVANS HUGHES MAKES SPEECH.
TIME TO QUICK TALKING / DO SOMETHING.
STARTLED THE WORLD.
US. WILLING TO DESTROY 15 WARSHIPS / STOP CONSTRUCTION ON 15 MORE.
ASKS BRITISH/ JAPAN TO DO SAME.
5-5-3 - 500,000 TONS EACH FOR US. & GREAT BRITAIN / 300,000 TONS FOR JAPAN.
HUGHES SUNK 76 SHIPS IN 35 MINUTES.
DESTROYS MORE SHIPS THAN ALL THE WARS OF THE WORLD.
LEAGUE - CENTRAL TO WORLD PEACE.
FRANCE DEMANDED HEAVY REPARATIONS.
FRANCE WANTED ALLIED OCCUPATION / LARGE AREA OF GERMANY FOR BUFFER AREA.
4/3/1919 - WILSON FALLS ILL.
USS GEORGE WASHINGTON ORDERED TO EUROPE / TAKE HIM HOME.
WILSON CONCEDES TREATY.
WOULD US. / GREAT BRITAIN GUARANTEE TO DEFEND FRANCE FROM GERMAN ATTACK?
5/28/1919 TREATY OF VERSAILLE.
GERMANY TO ADMIT GUILT.
STRIPPED OF COLONIES / PORTS.
MUST PAY REPARATIONS. ($56 BILLION).
TOTALLY DISARMED.
US. PARTICIPATES / NEVER JOINS LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
WILSON WENT ALONG W/BAD TREATY / CONVINCED LEAGUE WOULD MAKE UP FOR LOSSES.
LEAGUE WOULD HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED IF WILSON NOT SO STUBBORN.
WOULD HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED IF WILSON DIED . OR STEPPED DOWN SOONER.
ELECTION 1920 - WILSON WANTED TO RUN AGAIN.
TOO FEEBLE.
DEMOCRATS CHOOSE JAMES M. COX.
REPUBLICANS CHOOSE WARREN G. HARDING.
DIDN’T CARE ABOUT LEAGUE.
INTERESTED IN RETURN TO NORMALCY.
SENATE NEVER RATIFIED TREATY OF VERSAILLES.
TRAGIC.