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Chapter 15 Reconstruction

1. During the Civil War and immediately after it, Abraham Lincoln and his successor, Andrew Johnson, believed that restoration of state governments loyal to the Union would rebuild the nation.

2. In advancing his plans for reconstruction of the South during the Civil War, Lincoln was relying on his power as commander in chief.

3. The restoration plan that Lincoln announced in December 1863 stipulated that a state could return to the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty to the Union.

4. John Wilkes Booth was an unstable actor.

7. Under President Johnson's restoration plan, high-ranking Confederate leaders and wealthy southerners excluded from amnesty could petition the president personally for amnesty.

8. By the end of 1865, Radical Republicans had withdrawn their support from President Johnson because he had concluded that he could build a coalition of northern Democrats, conservative Republicans, and southern whites.

9. As President Johnson's reconstruction policies took hold in late 1865 he moved closer to the Democrats as he granted pardons and encouraged former Confederates to reestablish state governments on lenient terms, he spoke of creating a new National Union Party, northern and southern Democrats saw in the president's policies a way by which their discredited party could regain national power.

11. The effect of President Johnson's veto of the Freedmen's Bureau bill in February 1866 was that Congress attempted but failed-just barely-to override his veto.

12. Expecting freedom from slavery near the end of the Civil War, most African Americans were concerned primarily to secure land for economic independence.

13. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands had all of the following official responsibilities: drafting and enforcing labor contracts between freedmen and planters, feeding and clothing war refugees of both races, renting or selling confiscated land to loyal white southerners and freedmen.

14. In 1865, President Johnson ordered the head of the Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard, to tell the freedmen of Sea Island, South Carolina, that they had no legal title to the former plantation land they had occupied, and must vacate. In response, Howard reluctantly enforced the order; the dispossessed black farmers protested, and when some of them refused to deal with the restored white owners, Union soldiers forced them to leave or to work for their former masters.

15. The most important claim advanced by the former slaves of Edisto Island in their effort to resist orders that they restore to former plantation owners the land they had been cultivating was that they knew better than the plantation owners how to farm the land.

16. President Johnson gave all of the following as reasons for his veto of the Freedmen's Bureau bill: he believed that the federal government should not provide a welfare system for the indigent, the southern states were not yet represented in Congress, he thought it was unconstitutional.

17. Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act in April 1866 after learning of a race riot in Memphis.

18. The Fourteenth Amendment required states to guarantee all of the following rights: equal protection of the laws, due process of law before depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, citizenship for all persons born in the United States.

19. President Johnson's response to congressional endorsement of the Fourteenth Amendment was to make a railroad tour called the "swing around the circle" to urge its rejection.

20. During Reconstruction, Radical Republican rule lasted for the shortest time-only a few months¾in Virginia.

21. During Reconstruction, Radical Republican rule lasted longest in Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina.

22. The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 was designed chiefly to protect Secretary of State William Seward, who sided with the Radical Republicans.

23. In the election of 1868 the Republicans won the presidency and retained their two-thirds majority in both houses.

24. The Fifteenth Amendment forbade states to deny any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.

25. The following statements most accurately characterizes the movement for woman suffrage after the Civil War? Many feminists who had been abolitionists were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment made no reference to gender and permitted states to continue to deny suffrage to women.

26. Elizabeth Cady Stanton made an overtly racist attack on the denial of woman suffrage while black and immigrant men were being enfranchised?

27. Blacks constituted a majority of the voters in five southern states and nearly half in three others, and thus were crucial to Republican success at the polls characterizes the contributions of African Americans to Republican victories in the South during Reconstruction?

28. Most white Republicans in the post-Civil War South were yeomen farmers from backcountry districts who had fought against or refused to support the Confederacy.

29. Many of the "carpetbaggers" who moved to the South during Reconstruction were former Union army officers who decided that the South was a pleasant or promising place to resettle.

30. Most of the new African American political leaders in the South after 1867 had been slaves before 1865

31. Southern Republicans helped reconstruct the South by repealing the Black Codes enforcing labor discipline, introducing new taxation programs to force planters to pay their fair share of taxes and place uncultivated land on the market, supervising the rebuilding of the region's railroads.

32. The school systems that the Republicans helped establish in the post-Civil War South, were racially segregated.

33. After the Civil War, most African Americans founded new African American churches.

34. After the Civil War, the only major federal program enabling freedmen to obtain land, the Southern Homestead Act, in practice provided little benefit to African Americans because the land made available was swampy and infertile, and freedmen lacked the resources to get started.

35. The sharecropping system in the post-Civil War South joined laborers and owners of land and capital in a common sharing of risks and returns.

36. Many African Americans became trapped in a vicious circle of debt after the Civil War because country stores extended credit to blacks but kept prices and interest rates high.

37. In response to Congress's Reconstruction programs, most former slave owners sponsored terrorism against people and property in the South, secured the return of former Confederates to the rolls of registered voters, and appealed to poorer whites on the basis of racial solidarity and southern patriotism.

38. In the Reconstruction South the Ku Klux Klan by 1870 was operating as a military force serving the Democratic Party.

39. The federal implementation of enforcement legislation, including the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 resulted in the indictment of about 3,000 Klan members by federal grand juries for violations of the acts.

40. The diminishing effectiveness of Reconstruction in the South was caused by  northerners who were tired of the expense and violence that supporting Reconstruction engendered, racism among moderate Republicans led them to ascribe Republican defeats in the South to the incompetence of black politicians, a severe depression in 1873 distracted northerners from the social and racial issues of Reconstruction.

41. The Liberal Republicans were elitists who believed in free trade, limited government, and political participation only by educated citizens.

42. President Grant won reelection in 1872 because his opponent, Horace Greeley, proved to be highly unpopular.

43. In 1876 the Republicans nominated Governor Rutherford B. Hayes for president because he was known for honesty and seemed safe from charges of corruption.

44. In the election of 1876 the Democratic candidate won the popular vote, but Republican officials in three southern states certified Republican victories, giving the Republican candidate a majority in the electoral college.

45. In response to the contested results in the election of 1876 Congress appointed a fifteen-member bipartisan electoral commission to decide which set of electoral votes was valid.

46. In their national economic program in the years immediately after the Civil War, the Republicans expanded subsidies to national rail systems and chartered new railroads.

47. Most of the black state legislators had been slaves before the Civil War, but most state executives had been free, characterizes office holding by African Americans in the Reconstruction South?

48. Radical Republicans failed to convict Johnson in his impeachment trial but damaged him so badly in a political sense that for the rest of his presidency he had to allow Reconstruction to proceed under the direction of Congress.

49. The Reconstruction Act of 1867included the readmission of states to the Union if their constitutions met Congress's approval and they ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, the division of most of the South into five military districts, each under the command of a Union general, a plan for registering all adult black men in the South to vote.

50. In the congressional campaigns and elections of 1866 Johnson suffered a humiliating defeat as Republicans gained a three-to-one margin in Congress.

Chapter 16 The American West

1. In the mid-nineteenth century the Indian population of the Great Plains was probably about 100,000.

2. When the Teton Sioux acquired horses from tribes to the south and west in the eighteenth century, their way of life changed from that of nomads to that of mounted hunters and warriors.

3. The way of life of the Teton Sioux was based primarily on hunting.

4. The traditional belief system of the Teton Sioux stressed the mysterious power of nature.

5. The massive movement of white settlers across the Great Plains began in 1842.

6. The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869.

7. During the 1870s buffalo herds almost disappeared from the American West primarily due to eastern tanneries learning how to cure buffalo hides, thereby creating a huge market for buffalo leather goods.

8. The town of Dodge City, Kansas formed a terminus of the "Long Drive," in which cowboys drove longhorn cattle to railheads for shipment east.

9. From the 1860s to the 1880s open-range ranching was feasible on the Great Plains because of the availability of land.

10. Its high profits attracted shrewd investors caused the post-Civil War western cattle boom?

11. The cattle boom on the Great Plains ended after 1886 because of reaction to a particularly severe winter in 1885-1886.

12. After the cattle boom collapsed in 1886, Sheep raising spread in the high country.

13. Settlers were drawn to the Great Plains after the Civil War by claims that anything could be grown on the Great Plains, with less work than elsewhere.

14. Farmers began to populate the Great Plains in significant numbers during the 1870s.

15. The Exodusters were African American migrants to Kansas in the late 1870s, fleeing mostly from Louisiana and Mississippi after the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal protection.

16. In subduing the Plains Indians, the U.S. Army had all of the following advantages: the ability to exploit tribal rivalries, superior technology, the growing impact of white settlement.

17. Faced with mounting pressure on their lands by whites after the Civil War, the Great Plains Indians responded by fighting back in the expectation that if they exacted a high enough price, whites would tire of the struggle and leave them in peace.

18. Sitting Bull was the leader of the Sioux warriors who annihilated the forces led by Colonel George A. Custer on June 25, 1876.

19. The Black Hills were sacred land to the Sioux.

20. The "Boomer" movement of white settlers into Indian land occurred in the area of present-day Oklahoma.

21. White reformers who created the Indian Rights Association advocated the assimilation of Indians into white culture.

22. Severalty meant the division of reservation land into individually owned plots.

23. As a result of the Dawes Act, the Sioux received 160 acres of former tribal land per family head, with smaller parcels allocated to other individuals.

24. In 1890 an Indian messiah, Wovoka taught that the buffalo would return to the Great Plains and the whites would disappear.

25. The Wounded Knee massacre had its roots in the white settlers' fear of the Ghost Dance cult on the Great Plains, which led to army troops' attempting to disarm an encampment of Sioux, A few days after Sitting Bull was killed in an attempt to arrest him, the soldiers moved against another Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee in which the medicine man Yellow Bird had stirred up a fervent Ghost Dance following, In the massacre at Wounded Knee, almost all the Indians in the encampment perished, including many women and children who were shot while trying to escape.

26. The process of severalty without hindrance characterizes the fate of the Plains Indians after Wounded Knee.

27. Around the time of the Far West's annexation to the United States but before the discovery of gold, most Americans regarded the region as too dry for farming and unable to support a large population.

28. The first prospectors who populated the western mining frontier skimmed gold from the earth's surface and from streams.

29. Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century were initially attracted by the 1849 gold rush, paid for their passage through the credit-ticket system, were mostly men.

30. Chinese immigrants in the nineteenth-century American West originally came to work in the California goldfields and on the transcontinental railroad, and later scattered to other industries.

31. The federal government resolved the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by barring Chinese immigration to the United States.

32. In the late nineteenth century the prevailing crop on the Great Plains was wheat.

33. In rural America of the late nineteenth century, farmers included widows and single women.

34. Farmers formed cooperatives after the Civil War because they understood the disadvantages of individual farmers dealing with the big businesses that supplied them with machinery, arranged their credit, and marketed their produce.

35. William Cody first won recognition as a hunter for the Kansas Pacific Railroad.

36. William Cody's fame as an Indian fighter was actually deserved.

37. The agricultural technique known as dry farming involved deep planting to bring subsoil moisture to the roots and quick harrowing after rainfalls.

38. Late nineteenth-century farms on the Great Plains were much larger than eastern farms because the yield per acre was so low.

39. Economic development and population growth on the West Coast in the second half of the nineteenth century, could best be described as Rapid growth in California throughout the period; slow in Oregon and Washington until the 1880s, but very rapid thereafter?

40. In the mid-nineteenth century the social order in the Hispanic Southwest was stratified.

41. The Navajo of the nineteenth century were relatively recent arrivals in the Southwest, like their Apache ancestors, had a warrior tradition, and were sheep raising pastoralists.

42. Much of the raiding north of the U.S.-Mexican border before World War I was a civil war being fought by embittered Tejanos dispossessed of their property and traditional rights by Anglo interlopers.

43. Though nineteenth-century employers in California had high praise for the Chinese, white workers hated them because like African Americans in other parts of the nation, the Chinese of California were the targets of racism.

44. Southern California began to develop rapidly in the 1880s owing to extensive publicity about its sunny, healthful climate.

45. In late nineteenth-century California the most important farm products were fruits and vegetables.

46. Between 1860 and 1900, farm output in the United States more than tripled.

47. The original goal of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry was to provide a social outlet for farm families.

48. Most late nineteenth-century Grange cooperatives eventually failed because opposition by private business was unrelenting, cooperative managers were unskilled, and the pooled resources of the farmers were too meager.

49. In the 1870s the Grange encouraged the formation of independent political parties with antimonopoly platforms.

50. Enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 made railroad regulation a permanent part of national public policy.

Chapter 17 Age of Enterprise, 1877-1900

1. The economic depression that began with the Panic of 1873 lasted four years.

2. The National Guard on orders from President Rutherford B. Hayes crushed the railroad strike of 1877.

3. The most distinctive feature of American industry in the last third of the nineteenth century was its emphasis on the manufacture of capital goods.

4. Bessemer converters, invented in 1856, produced steel.

5. As an iron manufacturer, Andrew Carnegie owed his great wealth to his successful use of the Bessemer converter.

6. Until about 1885, three-fourths of all the steel manufactured in the United States was used to make rails.

7. Federal, state, and local governments supported the construction of railroads in nineteenth-century America by subscribing for railroad bonds, offering land grants, and encouraging the formation of limited-liability corporations.

8. The railroad system built in the United States was the result of fierce private competition.

9. The railroad construction business in late nineteenth-century America was riddled with corruption because railroad promoters were also owners of construction companies.

10. About one-fourth of the required capital was raised in Europe,  characterizes late nineteenth-century railroad construction in the United States?

11. The most important step in the development of an integrated railroad system in late nineteenth-century America was the adoption of a standard track gauge.

12. J. P. Morgan took the lead in reorganizing the American railroad system after 1893 by consolidating formerly competing lines.

13. The following factors contributed to the phenomenal growth of the U.S. economy in the late nineteenth century: enormous expansion of domestic markets, immigration, accesses to capital.

14. Vertically integrated corporations dominated the meat industry.

15. In the late nineteenth century Henry W. Grady was identified with the "New South."

16. By the end of the nineteenth century approximately Two-thirds of all southerners lived on the land.

17. After the Civil War, southern agriculture was handicapped by reliance on one cash crop-cotton.

18. In the southern textile mills in the late nineteenth century half of the workers were women.

19. Cheap labor was its greatest asset but ironically prevented it from becoming a more advanced economy describes the economy of the late nineteenth-century South?

20. By the end of the nineteenth century the South's economy was subordinate to, insulated from, a colonial supplier to the national economy.

21. During the last thirty years of the nineteenth century, American industry needed increasing numbers of workers.

22. Rural Americans were highly mobile in the late nineteenth century, and half of those who moved ended up in cities. But few of them took factory jobs because the most desirable factory jobs required skills that few rural Americans possessed, and except in the South, native-born whites no longer wanted factory work.

23. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants. Only about 7 percent of all African American men held factory jobs in 1890?

24. In the early years of the twentieth century, an increasing proportion of immigrants to the United States came from eastern and southern Europe.

25. The number of immigrants to the United States from southern and eastern Europe surpassed the number of immigrants from northern Europe in about 1895.

26. Typically the European peasants who immigrated to the United States at the end of the nineteenth century hoped to make enough money to buy land in their native country.

27. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, approximately about half of the European peasant immigrants are thought to have returned to their homeland?

28. In 1890 the majority of women who held jobs were young.

29. Women workers at the turn of the century found that American-born women were preferred for white-collar jobs.

30. All the northern industrial states passed laws prohibiting child labor and regulating work hours for teenagers, with the result that women had to seek employment in order to help the family make ends meet causing the proportion of married women holding wage-earning jobs begin to increase slowly after 1890?

31. In nineteenth-century America, craft workers enjoyed a great deal of autonomy.

32. In the nineteenth-century American workplace the expression manly bearing referred to the ethical code of conduct that bound working men together.

33. In late nineteenth-century America, young women workers placed great importance on acquiring pretty clothes and enjoying "cheap amusements" as marks of their independence and self-respect.

34. In late nineteenth-century America, the unskilled laborers were at the mercy of independent contractors.

35. Frederick W. Taylor was an advocate of scientific management.

36. In the late nineteenth century, most Americans defined a republican society as one that emphasized social and political equality.

37. In late nineteenth-century America, the Knights of Labor took as its model the fraternalism of the Masons or Odd Fellows.

38. In their efforts to improve working conditions, the Knights of Labor stressed cooperative factories owned and managed by workers.

39. The Knights of Labor enjoyed their largest increase in membership after they won a strike against Jay Gould.

40. Samuel Gompers's goals for the labor movement differ from those of the Knights of Labor, in that Gompers believed that workers should focus on concrete, achievable goals and should have sufficient power to back up their cause

41. The Knights of Labor fought for the eight-hour workday primarily in order to allow workers to perform their responsibilities as citizens.

42. Business and government responded to the Haymarket Square riot by imposing yellow-dog contracts.

43. When it was formed after the Haymarket Square riot, the American Federation of Labor adopted a philosophy that emphasized bargaining for attainable short-term goals.

44. The strike at Homestead demonstrated that the state government was an ally of the corporations.

45. When the workers at the Pullman Company protested a cut in wages the American Railway Union directed their strategy.

46. Eugene Debs became a socialist after being imprisoned for disobeying a court order issued in connection with the Pullman strike.

47. The Socialist Labor Party was the first American Marxist party.

48. In the early 1900s the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were committed to a workers' society.

49. The first leader of American socialism who attracted a devoted following outside the German-American community was Eugene Debs.

50. The Pullman strike of 1894 failed because it was crushed by the U.S. Army.

Chapter 18 Late Nineteenth-Century America

1. Between 1877 and 1893 American politics lacked a compelling national issue.

2. Between 1877 and 1893 American presidents devoted most of their energy to dispensing patronage.

3. In 1880, more than half of all federal employees were working in the postal service.

4. One of the most troublesome political issues of the 1880s was how the federal government should reduce its surplus revenue.

5. In his first term in office, President Grover Cleveland set a record for the number of bills vetoed by a president.

6. In declaring that "the office of President is essentially executive in nature," Grover Cleveland meant that it was his job primarily to see that the laws passed by Congress were executed rather than to set a national policy agenda.

7. In the U.S. Congress between 1877 and 1893 neither party ever stayed in power long enough to pass a coherent legislative program.

8. Between 1877 and 1893, Republicans and Democrats did not represent clearly opposing positions, as party differences became unclear.

9. The partisan issue on which President Cleveland and the congressional Democrats differed most sharply from the Republicans was protectionism.

10. Republicans' post-Reconstruction promises to fund education for southern blacks and to protect African American voters in southern congressional elections failed to make it through Congress and finally died during the Harrison administration.

11. When late nineteenth-century Republicans "waved the bloody shirt," they were evoking the Civil War.

12. James G. Blaine lost the presidential election of 1884 because of charges of bribe-taking and an overly enthusiastic supporter's attack on the Democrats as the party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion."

13. Late nineteenth-century American conservatives believed that rewards went to those who deserved them.

14. Horatio Alger was the author of some 135 rags-to-riches novels extolling the virtues of hard work and thrift.

15. In the late nineteenth century, American conservatives expected the federal judiciary to strike down welfare and regulatory legislation.

16. In the late nineteenth century, the Supreme Court voided state regulatory legislation as contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

17. In the late nineteenth century, the Supreme Court limited Congress's power to regulate manufacturing.

18. At the end of the nineteenth century, the branch or agency of the federal government that enjoyed the greatest popular respect was the Supreme Court.

19. Between 1876 and 1892 Americans were very active politically.

20. The U.S. style of politics provided Americans with professional party management, jobs, graft, and upward social mobility, entertainment.

21. Political machines provided Americans with institutions capable of bringing out the vote.

22. In the 1880s, the struggle between Stalwarts and Half-breeds pitted Republican factions against each other in a struggle over patronage.

23. The Republican presidential nominee opposed by the Mugwumps was James G. Blaine.

24. Between 1878 and 1900 the efforts of woman suffragists to win the right to vote were successful in a few western states.

25. Between the end of Reconstruction and 1900, women won the right to vote in general elections in all states except New Mexico.

26. In the late nineteenth century the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) gave divided support to demands for woman suffrage; many of its members felt that only through women's votes could the liquor traffic be controlled.

27. The Farmer's Alliance movement proved to be a seedbed out of which the People's Party arose in the early 1890s characterizes the history of the Farmer's Alliance movement in the late nineteenth century?

28. The Populist leader who exhorted farmers "to raise less corn and more hell" was Mary Elizabeth Lease.

29. The basic evil that Populists identified as oppressing farmers in the late nineteenth century was the money power.

30. The Populist Party blamed farmers' problems on the "money power."

31. The Populist Party advocated the unlimited coinage of silver in the belief that it would raise farm prices.

32. In the 1890s, Farmers advocated or supported demands for the free coinage of silver.

33. In a rapidly developing economy such as that of the United States in the late nineteenth century, the money supply must increase rapidly enough to meet the economy's needs or economic growth will be stifled.

34. In the late nineteenth century those Americans most eager to see the money supply increased were borrowers.

35. When the jobless marched on Washington in 1894, President Cleveland dispersed them by force.

36. During his second administration, President Cleveland broke with the majority of his own Democratic Party by refusing to budge from his "sound money" stand against increasing the money supply by allowing the coinage of silver as well as gold.

37. "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold." These famous words climaxed a speech in 1896 by William Jennings Bryan.

38. In the election of 1896 the Populists reluctantly supported the Democratic candidate for the presidency.

39. A significant outcome of the election of 1896 was the Republicans' emergence as the majority party.

40. After the election of 1896, farm prices and the supply of money increased after new gold deposits were discovered.

41. In the years 1900-1914, American farmers' sense of isolation and deprivation gradually subsided.

42. Compulsory segregation, other than in education, was first imposed on southern blacks in the late 1880s, in the form of southern states' prohibitions against blacks' traveling in first-class railroad passenger cars.

43. The political party that took credit for "redeeming" the South was the Democratic Party.

44. Racial segregation became entrenched as a way of life in the South during the 1890s.

45. The Supreme Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson defined the "separate but equal" principle.

46. The greatest pressure for imposing a system of rigid racial segregation in the South came from poor whites.

47. In 1900, about One-third of the American labor force worked in agriculture.

48. The defining issue in the election of 1896 was the money question.

49. During his second administration, faced with a national economic crisis, President Cleveland turned to J. P. Morgan for help in replenishing the Treasury's depleted reserves.

50. Aspects of the issue related to the bimetallic standard in nineteenth-century America are: Since the early days of the republic, U.S. government policy had been to base the value of the federal currency on the amount of gold and silver held by the U.S. Treasury, Because silver became scarce relative to gold after the middle of the nineteenth century, its market value rose and silver coins disappeared from circulation, leading to the official dropping of silver as a medium of exchange in 1873, After the early 1870s, vast new deposits of silver were found in the West and silver prices dropped; if the government had resumed coining silver at a ratio of 16:1, silver would have flowed into the Treasury, expanding the money supply, inflating the currency, and enriching silver-mining interests.

Chapter 19 Rise of the City

1. Most were mainly commercial centers where goods were bought and sold for distribution elsewhere, most accurately characterizes American cities before the Civil War?

2. Steam and coal replaced water power and charcoal as the primary energy sources for mills and the iron industry in the United States after the middle of the nineteenth century?

3. Each of the following correctly pairs a city with the industry or industries in which it specialized in the late nineteenth century: Richmond, Virginia-cigarette manufacturing. Minneapolis, Minnesota-grain milling. Memphis, Tennessee-lumber and cottonseed oil production.

4. In most industries the scale of production increased, most accurately characterizes industry in post-Civil War American cites?

5. In 1910, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Cleveland all of the following ranked among the nation's ten most populous cities except:

6. Post-Civil War American cities had industrial complexes on their outskirts.

7. From the 1850s to the 1890s, the main form of urban mass transportation in the United States was the horse car.

8. By 1900, the primary means of urban mass transit in the United States was the trolley car.

9. To relieve street congestion, late nineteenth-century American cities did all of the following: construct subways, build steam-powered elevated railways, build electric-powered elevated railways.

10. The first American city to build subways was Boston.

11. The first skyscraper in the United States was built in 1885 in Chicago.

12. For ordinary Americans of the late nineteenth century, the electric light probably offered the most dramatic evidence of changing urban life.

13. The invention that most speeded up city communications after 1876 in the United States was the telephone.

14. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

15. Around 1900, American urban mass transit was primarily a function of private corporations.

16. Smoke and haze often damaged air quality in the urban environment in late nineteenth-century America.

17. New York City failed to meet its water supply needs in the second half of the nineteenth century because each new water-supply facility that was built was outstripped by rising demand and by the new users and new needs that it produced.

18. Subdivided former residences, row houses, and multistoried tenements met the housing needs of the urban masses in many post-Civil War American cities.

19. The results of housing reform efforts at the turn of the century in the United States was to make housing profitable, many landlords ignored building codes and capacity restrictions.

20. Most of the immigrants who arrived in American cities between 1900 and 1914 were southern and eastern European Jews and Catholics.

21. Immigrants from a particular region of a country tended to settle on the same street characterizes residential patterns in the typical American city around 1900.

22. By 1900, African Americans in the North experienced increasing residential segregation.

23. Around 1900, if an ordinary American city dweller, whether immigrant or native born, needed a favor done by a person with authority, he or she was most likely to turn to an alderman or ward boss.

24. In late nineteenth-century America, urban political machines rewarded party loyalty with jobs or favors, mediated conflicting city interests, served as a clearinghouse for city business deals.

25. Most Jews in America before the 1880s came from Germany.

26. In the United States around 1900, most Jews who had immigrated from eastern Europe found it difficult to practice traditional religious customs.

27. In the late nineteenth century, Irish Americans dominated the American Catholic hierarchy.

28. At the end of the nineteenth century, urban Protestant churches reacted to the influx of non-Protestants by evangelizing and making the church an instrument of social uplift.

29. The urban revivalism preached by Dwight L. Moody and others represented a fundamentalist attack on the doctrinal liberalism and complacency of mainstream Protestantism.

30. At the turn of the century, vaudeville became suitable for family attendance in larger theaters.

31. The popular tradition of "treating" in turn-of-the-century American urban life can best be defined as pleasure-seeking and a courtship ritual similar to modern dating among working-class youths.

32. Baseball, which became an organized sport in the 1840s developed out of an older British game, called rounders.

33. In 1876, baseball was a profit-oriented form of entertainment.

34. After the Civil War, metropolitan newspapers expanded to include human interest stories, a women's page, and society and sports sections.

35. In 1883, Joseph Pulitzer was the St. Louis newspaper publisher whose purchase of the New York World set off a furious circulation war with papers owned by William Randolph Hearst.

36. The greatest benefactor of public libraries in nineteenth-century America, who in 1881 announced that he would build a library in any city that was prepared to maintain it, was Andrew Carnegie.

37. All of the following universities were founded by philanthropists in the late nineteenth century: Johns Hopkins University, University of Chicago, Tulane University.

38. The expression "Gilded Age" originated as the title of a novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, published in 1873 and satirizing America as a land of vulgar money-grubbers.

39. In late nineteenth-century America, "culture" became an elitist pursuit whose aim was to embellish life rather than probe it deeply.

40. In late nineteenth-century America, a sign of high status was, choice of residential neighborhood, membership in exclusive clubs, conspicuous displays of wealth.

41. The establishment of the Metropolitan Opera in 1883 was most directly related to a feud between "old money" and "new money" families in New York City.

42. Salaried employees were the occupational group that grew most rapidly in the United States between 1870 and 1910?

43. Most members of the newly rising American middle class around 1900 preferred to live in the suburbs, as far from the city as their salaries could take them.

44. According to the 1910 census, nationwide about 25 percent of the urban population lived in suburbs outside the city limits.

45. In the new suburbs of late nineteenth-century America most planners and residents made economic choices and thought secondarily about the quality of community life.

46. The typical American middle-class family in 1900 consisted of husband, wife and three children.

47. Many middle-class Americans in the late nineteenth century no longer firmly linked sex and procreation, and began to acknowledge that healthy sexuality should give pleasure to both men and women.

48. The "Gibson girl" of the 1890s personified the middle-class "new woman"-spirited, athletic, and chastely sexual.

49. A high school education became more common most accurately characterizes changes in the lives of middle-class American children in the last decades of the century?

50. Middle-class marriage patterns in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century can be characterized as: the marriage rate fell to its lowest point during the last forty years of the nineteenth century but began to rise again after 1890.

Chapter 20 Progressive Era

1. As governor, Robert M. La Follette sponsored research at the University of Wisconsin that was essential in framing reform legislation.

2. The work of Frederick W. Taylor proved compatible with progressivism because his scientific management theories promised a solution to social ills through gains in efficiency.

3. Most Progressives relied on rational planning as a basis for corrective action.

4. In the early twentieth century, academic theorists who adhered to the school known as classical economics held that markets were perfectly competitive.

5. The approach of the progressive educationist John Dewey is most accurately characterized as stressing problem solving and practical activities.

6. Progressives of the early twentieth century idealized Abraham Lincoln as the heroic Great Emancipator.

7. Protestant churches that espoused the Social Gospel urged the application of Christian laws to secular life.

8. During the Progressive Era, impetus for the reform of municipal government often came from business leaders because they wanted to see the cities run efficiently and cheaply by skilled administrators, not by partisan politicians.

9. Progressive Era municipal reformers favored citywide elections, nonpartisanship, and professional city administrators.

10. Jane Addams was one of the founders of Hull House.

11. Settlement houses made a notable contribution to Progressive Era reform primarily by lobbying municipal authorities for better city services in slum neighborhoods.

12. The University of Chicago was important in the history of American progressivism because it pioneered in the rise of economics, political science, and sociology as rigorous social science disciplines, whose research was of great use to progressive reformers.

13. In the 1910s, woman suffragists advocated a national constitutional amendment.

14. The most stubborn resistance to woman suffrage in the early twentieth century came in the South.

15. Margaret Sanger was known primarily for her work in behalf of birth control.

16. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire of 1911 caused New York State to pass the most advanced labor code in the country.

17. The first socialist to be elected to the U.S. Congress was Victor Berger, whose district was in the city of Milwaukee.

18. In response to Supreme Court decisions and injunctions in the Progressive Era, the American Federation of Labor joined urban liberals to battle for protective legislation.

19. Early twentieth-century civil rights advocates called for encouragement of black pride, full political and civil equality for African Americans, and reversal of stereotypes that demeaned African Americans.

20. Progressives moved onto the stage of national politics primarily because of Theodore Roosevelt's assumption of the presidency.

21. Before becoming president in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt had been governor of New York.

22. Upon becoming president, Theodore Roosevelt set about consolidating his position within the Republican Party.

23. When anthracite coal miners struck in 1902, Theodore Roosevelt appointed an arbitration commission to settle the dispute.

24. By 1910, the consolidation of American industry by trusts had reached the point that 1 percent of the nation's manufacturers accounted for 44 percent of the total industrial output.

25. The federal law prohibiting conspiracy to restrain or monopolize trade, the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, had proved ineffectual in halting the rise of trusts before Theodore Roosevelt's presidency because neither the Cleveland nor the McKinley administration had made much effort to enforce it.

26. In the landmark Northern Securities decision in 1904, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a railroad trust dissolved.

27. Theodore Roosevelt prosecuted Standard Oil after his election in 1904.

28. When Theodore Roosevelt attacked trusts for abuse of power, he decided for himself which corporations were "good" and which were "bad."

29. The two muckrakers who helped bring about passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act were Samuel Hopkins Adams and Upton Sinclair.

30. During his campaign in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt took to referring to his presidential program as the Square Deal.

31. William Howard Taft is most accurately characterized as a conservative.

32. William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1908, advocated pro-union labor legislation.

33. "Uncle Joe" Cannon was the dictatorial Speaker of the House whose power was broken by a revolt of members of the House in 1910.

34. As a result of the Supreme Court's decision in the 1911 Standard Oil case, the  attorney general speeded up the pace of antitrust actions.

35. Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" after 1910 was basically statist in its demand for an enormously expanded federal role in regulating corporations.

36. Theodore Roosevelt did not become the Republican presidential nominee in 1912 because Taft controlled the party machinery, which in most states chose convention delegates; thus even though Roosevelt swept states that held primaries, this brought him little gain.

37. Before winning the presidency in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been governor of New Jersey.

38. In advising Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign, Louis D. Brandeis pointed out that trusts should be prevented from unfairly using their power to curb free competition.

39. In the 1912 presidential election Wilson won because the Republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevelt, not because a majority of the public endorsed him.

40. He did not want collectivism to overwhelm individual liberties most accurately characterizes Woodrow Wilson's political ideas?

41. In his "New Nationalism" phase after 1910, Theodore Roosevelt argued that the federal government, through a trade commission, should oversee large companies.

42. Roosevelt was eager to reenter politics and sympathetic to the Republican progressives, but he was reluctant to split the party except over an issue of deep principle most accurately characterizes the clash between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft after Roosevelt returned from his year-long African safari?

43. By 1910 many Republicans who were disenchanted with Taft were calling themselves Progressives or Insurgents.

44. By the end of his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt was urging that the federal government be given administrative powers to oversee and regulate big business.

45. In his successful campaign to be elected president in his own right in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt defeated Alton B. Parker.

46. He was a conservationist who tried to balance commercial and public interests most accurately characterizes Theodore Roosevelt's approach to the nation's natural resources.

47. The white settlement-house worker who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was Mary Ovington.

48. All of the following statements accurately characterize the revival of the civil rights movement in the Progressive Era: Initially the national leadership of the NAACP was dominated by whites, W. E. B. Du Bois played a crucial role in the revived movement as editor of the NAACP's journal, The Crisis, The Urban League was founded in 1911 by black and white progressives to assist African American migrants to northern cities.

49. Southern states adopted the primary election at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century in an effort to drive blacks out of politics.

50. The workers' compensation laws were adopted in significant numbers of states during the Progressive Era.

Chapter 21 Emerging World Power, 1877-1944

1. For fifteen years after the Civil War, the United States decreased the size of the navy.

2. A modest upgrading and modernization of the U.S. Navy began during the administration of Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885.

3. American sugar planters in Hawaii sought annexation of the islands to the United States in 1893 because changes in the McKinley Tariff of 1890 and domestic sugar subsidies in the United States made them eager to gain the same advantages as U.S. growers had.

4. President Grover Cleveland refused to accept a proposed treaty for the annexation of Hawaii, on the grounds that the offer had been fraudulently arranged and that to accept it would violate America's "honor and morality."

5. In 1889 naval warfare might have broken out between the United States and Germany over control of Samoa, but a fierce hurricane wrecked both countries' fleets.

6. All of the following manufactured or agricultural products were significant American exports in the late nineteenth century: cotton, Singer sewing machines, and Standard Oil kerosene.

7. In late nineteenth-century America exports of both agricultural and industrial products increased.

8. Over 80 percent of American foreign trade in the late nineteenth century was with Europe and Canada.

9. In the late 1880s and early 1890s, American businessmen and policy makers believed that the United States needed to adopt a more aggressive policy of expansion abroad, based upon the brief surge of imports over exports between 1888 and 1896, which aroused fears that the United States was losing its foreign markets

10. Many American businessmen in the 1880s and 1890s predicted that the key to America's future prosperity was to develop markets in China.

11. The foreign policy that Alfred T. Mahan proposed for the United States in the 1890s included all of the following elements: expansion into foreign markets, development of the United States as a naval power, an expansionist strategy dependent on a canal across Central America and bases in the Caribbean and Pacific.

12. Grover Cleveland was not in agreement with Alfred T. Mahan's strategic ideas in the 1890s and did not urge the United States to adopt a "large policy" abroad?

13. Despite some hesitation about colonialism, Cleveland pushed the program, most accurately characterizes the program to rebuild the U.S. Navy in the late 1880s and 1890s.

14. The Indiana, Massachusetts, and Oregon, all authorized in 1890, were world-class battleships of the type pioneered by Britain's Royal Navy, most accurately characterizes the modernization of capital ships by the U.S. Navy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

15. The expansionist foreign policy of the 1890s derived significant inspiration from Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis.

16. The historical term or phrase that the historian John Fiske reactivated to describe American foreign ventures in the 1890s was "manifest destiny."

17. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner's thesis of "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893) fits into the pattern of an emerging ideology of American expansionism because Turner predicted that having closed the western frontier, Americans would now turn to overseas expansion.

18. In response to Spain's efforts to suppress the Cuban uprising in 1895-1896 Congress passed a resolution calling for Cuban independence.

19. Grover Cleveland worried about the Cuban rebellion because he feared that American investments in Cuba would be harmed and that other European nations might intervene to the detriment of U.S. interests throughout the Caribbean.

20. When William McKinley became president in 1897 and had to deal with the uprising in Cuba, he took a tougher stance against the Spanish than Cleveland had taken.

21. In the face of deteriorating relations with Spain in 1897 and early 1898, President McKinley remained cautious, waiting for a firm national consensus before asking for war powers.

22. William Randolph Hearst owed his early success as a newspaper publisher to his wealthy father's ownership of the newspaper on which he first worked and where he experimented with giving the public the sensational stories it craved.

23. In demanding war with Spain in 1897-1898, William Randolph Hearst claimed that bloody battles between Cuban insurgents and brutal Spanish troops were raging all over the island, the Spanish deliberately blew up the Maine, and an American woman had committed suicide to protest the dishonor of the United States' sitting on the sidelines while Cubans suffered.

24. After the explosion of the battleship Maine, a U.S. naval board of inquiry blamed the sinking on a mine.

25. In calling for war with Spain in 1898, President McKinley announced that America's war aims included all of the following: protection of endangered American interests, restoration of a state of civilization in Cuba, and an end to the war in Cuba.

26. Confronted with the possibility of acquiring additional territory in a war with Spain, President McKinley was not averse to exploiting any opportunities that arose, although he was not motivated by a wish to seize colonies from Spain.

27. The navy was better prepared than the ground forces, most accurately describes the state of American military preparedness in 1898?

28. The U.S. Navy won its most decisive victory of the Spanish-American War at Manila.

29. President McKinley and the Republicans jumped at the chance to hold the Philippine Islands because they saw them as the key to American influence in the Asian market.

30. The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898, once war with Spain made it apparent that the United States would broaden its strategic role in the Pacific Ocean.

31. The American victory at San Juan Hill in Cuba can be credited largely to four black U.S. regiments.

32. To control Manila, the military would have to take the entire archipelago, most accurately characterizes the military position of the United States in the Philippines at the end of the fighting with Spain in 1898?

33. The Treaty of Paris, which ended the war with Spain, received only one vote above the required two-thirds majority in the Senate.

34. In the guerrilla war that followed the conquest of the Philippines 4,200 Americans and many thousands of Filipinos died.

35. After the American victory over Spain in 1898, the major European nations, did not welcomed the United States as an equal power in world affairs, did not worry that the United States would attack some of their own colonies, and did not realize that the United States had become more powerful than any European country.

36. Theodore Roosevelt's strategic thinking about U.S. foreign policy was shaped, in part, by his belief in the duty of the "civilized" countries of the world to police and subdue "backward" peoples.

37. Around the turn of the century Great Britain sought friendlier relations with the United States.

38. The Americans saw their function as providing cover for the expected uprising, most accurately characterizes the American role in the Panamanian uprising?

39. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completed the building of the Panama Canal in Eight years.

40. After he assumed the presidency in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt sought to consolidate strategic gains in the Caribbean.

41. Under the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the United States would act unilaterally to regulate the affairs of any Caribbean nation.

42. In its open-door policy toward China in 1899 and 1900, the United States sought guarantees from other world powers that free access to trade and Chinese territorial integrity would prevail.

43. Theodore Roosevelt's attitude toward Japan can most accurately be characterized as admiring.

44. To curb the rising power of Japan in the Pacific, Theodore Roosevelt's administration mediated a settlement of the Russo-Japanese War.

45. To counter Japan's increasing power in the Pacific, the Taft administration pressed for greater American investment in China.

46. Dollar diplomacy was William Howard Taft's preference for seeking a large role for American bankers and investors in East Asia.

47. When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1913, vowed that the United States would not seek further territorial gains by conquest.

48. Victoriano Huerta was a general who seized power after murdering Mexico's liberal-minded leader, Francisco Madero.

49. When President Wilson offered aid to Venustiano Carranza, an opponent of Huerta, Carranza rejected the offer as an effort to intervene in Mexican affairs.

50. In 1906 Theodore Roosevelt helped mediate a European dispute over Morocco.

Chapter 22 War and the American State, 1914-1920

1. The outbreak of World War I was the culmination of a European crisis that began when a Bosnian recruited by Serbian terrorists assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary.

2. The war involved extensive harm to civilian populations most accurately characterizes World War I.

3. Woodrow Wilson wished to keep the United States neutral at the outbreak of World War I primarily because he wanted to arbitrate among the combatants and influence the settlement of the war.

4. The political left, especially the Socialists under Eugene Debs, supported neutrality, condemning the war as imperialism, most accurately characterizes the American response to neutrality during the period 1914-1917.

5. After the German attack on the British liner Lusitania in 1915, President Wilson protested vigorously to Germany against assaults on nonbelligerents.

6. Germany's response to President Wilson's protests over the Lusitania incident was to announce in September 1915 that submarine commanders would not attack passenger vessels without warning.

7. In 1915 and 1916 Woodrow Wilson tried several times to mediate the European conflict by using Colonel Edward House as a go-between, only to find that neither side was ready for serious peace talks.

8. The presidential election of 1916 failed as a referendum on the American position on the war.

9. The "Zimmermann telegram" of early 1917 was an intercepted message from the German government to the Mexican government, inviting the latter to join Germany in war against the United States with the promise of regaining Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

10. In his appearance before Congress to ask for a declaration of war in 1917, Woodrow Wilson emphasized that America wished only to champion human rights.

11. In response to President Wilson's request for a declaration of war on Germany six senators and fifty members of the House voted against war.

12. When the United States declared war on Germany in the spring of 1917, the U.S. Army had approximately 200,000 soldiers on active duty.

13. Nearly 4 million men were in uniform by the end of the war, many of them responding to the progressive idea of service to the state, most accurately characterizes Americans' cumulative response to the call to arms in World War I?

14. In the course of the turmoil that shook Russia in the midst of World War I the newly established Soviet government gave up extensive territories in Russia's western borderlands in return for peace with Germany in March 1918.

15. During World War I, American ground forces made their most important contribution to the Allied victory in the Meuse-Argonne campaign.

16. About 48,000 military personnel were killed in action and another 27,000 died of other causes (especially influenza), a minimal number compared to European losses, most accurately characterizes American casualties in World War I?

17. Navy ships were declared "dry," most accurately characterizes the impact of progressive thinking on the conditions of military service during World War I?

18. The test scores reinforced stereotypes about the supposed intellectual inferiority of immigrants and nonwhites, most accurately characterizes the results of the tests administered to American conscripts during World War I?

19. African American soldiers in World War I were assigned principally to duty as menial workers rather than as front-line troops.

20. The German propaganda message aimed at African American troops in September 1918 presented an accurate picture of conditions that African Americans faced at that time in the United States.

21. By the time American troops were demobilized after World War I ended, many of them had experienced the war more as tourists on a once-in-a-lifetime adventure than as soldiers.

22. At the height of American mobilization for World War I, war production accounted for 25 percent of the gross national product.

23. During World War I, the United States became a creditor rather than a debtor nation.

24. The federal debt increased from $1 billion in 1915 to $20 billion in 1920 most accurately characterizes the American financing of World War I?

25. Herbert Hoover emerged from World War I as one of the nation's most admired men on account of his leadership of the Food Administration, which oversaw the vast expansion of American agriculture not only to satisfy domestic demand but also to feed millions of starving Europeans.

26. After the armistice was signed in November 1918, ending the fighting in World War I, the Wilson administration dismantled the wartime agencies as quickly as possible.

27. During World War I, Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor traded organized labor's support of the war for a voice in government policy.

28. When World War I ended, American labor unions saw their wartime gains in membership and wages disappear amid a rising tide of antiunion sentiment.

29. The more than 400,000 African Americans who moved north during the war began a migration that continued for decades most accurately describes the effects of World War I on African Americans.

30. During World War I, professional women and middle-class women outside the work force cooperated with government agencies and were crucial to the success of wartime volunteer organizations.

32. The Senate took eighteen months to approve the amendment s most accurately characterizes the political process that took place during World War I that culminated in the adoption of the woman suffrage amendment during.

33. Dissenting from most progressives' support for the war effort during World War I, Randolph Bourne asked: "If the war is too strong for you to prevent, how is it going to be weak enough for you to control and mould it to your liberal purposes?"

34. The Wilson administration's Committee on Public Information had all of the following goals: to Americanize immigrant groups, to break down the isolation of rural life, to encourage anti-German sentiment.

35. The group most adversely affected by the spirit of conformity spawned during America's participation in World War I was German Americans.

36. Beer drinking began to seem unpatriotic because of the high visibility of Germans in the brewery trade, most accurately characterizes the campaign for Prohibition during and after World War I?

37. The federal government was empowered to impose national prohibition by the Eighteenth Amendment.

38. The passage of the Prohibition amendment in 1919 was another instance of the expanding influence of the state on personal behavior.

39. In his "Fourteen Points" speech to Congress in early 1918, Woodrow Wilson articulated freedom of navigation on the seas, establishment of a multinational organization to guarantee mutual protection of political and territorial rights, the right to national self-determination.

40. Woodrow Wilson's policy toward Soviet Russia between 1918 and the spring of 1920 was to join Britain and Japan, the United States deployed about 5,000 American troops to Russia in support of anti-Bolshevik forces within that country.

41. At the post-World War I peace negotiations President Wilson succeeded in getting the European nations' commitment to a League of Nations.

42. In the course of the Senate debate on the Versailles treaty Henry Cabot Lodge argued that the provision for a League of Nations undercut Congress's right to declare war and restricted the ability of the U.S. government to pursue a unilateral foreign policy.

43. The Treaty of Versailles was defeated in the U.S. Senate when President Wilson ordered Democratic senators to vote against all Republican amendments.

44. Northern black Americans faced outbreaks of racial violence in more than 25 cities most accurately characterizes racial relations in the aftermath of World War I?

45. A major reason for the turmoil was the arrival of large numbers of southern blacks in the unfamiliar environment of northern cities most accurately characterizes the race riots of World War I and its immediate aftermath.

46. Scholars still debate their guilt, but most agree that they did not receive a fair trial, most accurately describes the proceedings against Sacco and Vanzetti?

47. The prominent politician who fanned fears of domestic radicalism after a bomb exploded outside his home in 1919 was Mitchell Palmer.

48. A series of bombings in 1919 led Americans to associate all radical or dissident political groups with violence most accurately characterizes the Red Scare of 1919-1921.

49. The most extensive labor disruption during 1919 occurred in the steel industry nationwide, in which more than 350,000 workers struck.

50. Besides the League of Nations, self-determination for the peoples of Austria-Hungary was a goal that Woodrow Wilson actually achieved during his negotiations of the post-World War I peace settlement.