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Chapter 23 Modern Times

1. The recession of 1920-1921 was accompanied by an unemployment rate of 10 percent.
2. During the economic boom of 1922-1929 annual per capita income rose about $200, to approximately $850.
3. The Republican platform of 1920 emphasized conservative cultural values and took a strong pro-business stance.
4. In the election of 1920, the Republican presidential candidate was Warren G. Harding and the Democratic candidate was James M. Cox
5. The chief virtue of Calvin Coolidge, who became president following Harding's death in 1923, was his image of unimpeachable morality, which dissociated him from the scandals of the Harding administration.
6. In 1924 the Democratic National Convention showed that the party was deeply split between rural and urban interests.
7. The low voter turnout in the 1924 election was attributable to a drop in voting by men.
8. Most women in Congress were widows serving out the terms of their deceased husbands, most accurately characterizes women's political participation during the 1920s.
9. All of the following statements accurately characterize the Sheppard-Towner Act: Passed by the Republican-dominated Congress in 1921, it was the first federally funded health-care program, The Children's Bureau, established under the Act, was charged with setting up clinics and answering inquiries from mothers about childbirth and child care, Congress cut off funding for the program when it realized that it was politically safe to do so because women did not vote as a bloc.
10. Oligopolies, rather than monopolies or family-run businesses, became the norm in the business sector, most accurately characterizes American business in the 1920s?
11. All of the following statements accurately characterize the management of American corporations in the 1920s: Men with engineering or business-school training became more prominent at the upper-management level. Increasingly, top-level managers concentrated on long-range planning while leaving it to autonomous, integrated divisions to meet short-term goals, General Motors set the pattern for large-scale corporate management.
12. Most members of the working class enjoyed higher wages and a better standard of living, most accurately characterizes the situation of labor during the 1920s.
13. In practice, the "welfare capitalism" of the 1920s benefited only a relatively few workers in the largest, most prosperous firms.
14. In the 1920s, the term American plan meant corporations' attempts to discourage their employees from joining labor unions.
15. By the end of the 1920s, membership in labor unions had declined to about 10 percent of the nonagricultural work force.
16. In the 1920s, the United States emerged as the world's leading Creditor nation.
17. Many companies invested in Latin America to take advantage of lower costs of production or procure raw materials, most accurately characterizes American foreign investment during the 1920s.
18. Under the Dawes Plan of 1924 Germany's reparations were reduced, and the United States lent substantial sums to Germany so that it could pay some reparations to the Allies, who could then repay their debts to the United States.
19. At the Washington Conference in 1921, the world's leading naval powers sought security against the expansionist tendencies of Japan.
20. Under the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, the United States joined with many other nations in renouncing war as an instrument of national policy.
21. At the height of America's prosperity in the 1920s, about 65 percent of the nation's families had annual incomes below $2,000, the income level that only just supported a decent standard of living.
22. To awaken customers' desire for products that were not necessities of life, advertisers in the 1920s preyed on people's insecurities about their status or physical appearance.
23. The relation of movies to American culture during the 1920s was that the movies were mass culture, spreading common values and attitudes throughout the country.
24. During the silent film era, American moviemakers moved much of their production to southern California to escape unions in the New York/New Jersey area.
25. Movie attendance increased from 60 million in 1927 to 90 million in 1930, most accurately characterizes the movie industry of the late 1920s.
26. The star of the first feature-length "talkie" film was Al Jolson.
27. In the 1920s, jazz served as an outlet for blacks' expression of dissent and opposition to white values.
28. By 1929, radios were found in 40 percent of American households.
29. The federal government licensed radio stations, but their revenue came primarily from advertisers and corporate sponsors, most accurately characterizes the development of commercial radio in the 1920s.
30. Changes that occurred in the role of professional sports in American life during the 1920s, were that professional sports became increasingly commercialized in live, radio broadcast, and newsreel formats.
31.  All of the following factors helped inspire the American public's fascination with aviation in the 1920s: a glut on the market of cheap trainer aircraft from World War I, which made it possible for "birdmen" and "birdwomen" to perform stunts and air races all over the country, constant news stories about flyers and crashes, the introduction of airmail, under a system by which the federal government guaranteed a profit to airlines even if they did not carry many passengers.
32. By 1920 the proportion of Americans who lived in officially defined urban areas had reached 52 percent.
33. The U.S. government changed immigration restrictions in the 1920s with the The National Origins Act of 1924, which set immigration quotas at 2 percent of each nationality as measured by the 1890 census.
34. Immigration from Western Hemisphere countries was not restricted in the 1920s, most accurately characterizes Hispanic immigration into the United States in the 1920s?
35. The rejuvenated Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s targeted Catholic and Jewish immigrants as well as African Americans.
36. The most conspicuous fundamentalists of the 1920s, such as Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson, remained outside the established denominations, most accurately characterizes the debate over religious fundamentalism in the 1920s.
37. The trial quickly became a media circus, most accurately characterizes the Scopes "monkey trial" of 1925.
38. Despite its problems, Prohibition continued in force until December 1933 because the process of repealing a constitutional amendment took a long time.
39. Gertrude Stein, an American literary figure of the 1920s emigrated permanently to Paris.
40. In the 1920s most American artists and intellectuals were disillusioned by the futile slaughter of World War I and by the anti-intellectualism of American society.
41. Disillusionment with the seemingly futile heroism and self-sacrifice of World War I was a theme sounded most strongly during the 1920s in the writings of Ernest Hemingway.
42. The influence of Freudian psychology can be seen in the plays of Eugene O'Neill.
43. T. S. Eliot, who became a British citizen, expressed in his poem The Waste Land his despair over the fragmentation of postwar civilization, most accurately characterizes the "lost generation" of American intellectuals in the 1920s?
44. The premiere of the film Birth of a Nation in 1915 was most responsible for sparking the revival of the Ku Klux Klan in the early twentieth century?
45. Many elite colleges limited the enrollment of Jews, most accurately characterizes the effects of nativism on Jews in the United States during the 1920s.
46. Some urban Americans, such as immigrant Catholics, shared rural Protestants' alarm about declining moral standards, most accurately characterizes the polarities between city and country in 1920s America.
47. He combined a mastery of new technology with the traditional American virtues of individualism and hard work, was the primary reason for the American public's adulation of Charles Lindbergh after his solo transatlantic flight in May 1927.
48. Satchel Paige, a 1920s star is linked with baseball a sport in which he excelled.
49. Clara Bow was known as "the 'It' girl."
50. General Motors responded more quickly than Ford to consumer demand for more styles, colors, and comforts, most accurately characterizes automobile marketing by the late 1920s.

Chapter 24 Great Depression

1. Following the stock market crash of October 1929, banks began to fail and depositors' money was lost, speculators who had lost in the stock market could not repay their bank loans, many of the middle class who had not speculated in the stock market lost their life savings in bank failures.
2. In 1929, the American agricultural sector was suffering from overproduction and surpluses, which caused prices to drop.
3. Coal, which had been overproduced in the postwar years, was now competing with other energy sources, most accurately characterizes the economic situation in basic American industries in 1929.
4. The distribution of wealth grew increasingly unequal during the decade; by 1929 the top 5 percent of the population received 30 percent of aggregate family personal income wealth in the United States during the 1920s?
5. In the early years of the Great Depression, the Federal Reserve System contributed to the economic tailspin by raising the interest rate it charged on loans to member banks (the discount rate) while reducing the amount of money in circulation by limiting its purchases of government securities.
6. The United States and other nations raised tariff barriers and imposed exchange controls to hoard gold, dollars, and pounds sterling, thereby further crippling international trade and prolonging the depression causing the Great Depression to worsen before 1933?
7. Between 1929 and 1932-1933, the unemployment rate in the United States rose from 3.2 percent to nearly 25 percent.
8. During the Great Depression the majority of families in the United States had to "make do" but did not face sheer deprivation.
9. Most typically, Americans who lost income during the Great Depression reacted by blaming themselves.
10. Many people felt that maintaining their self-respect by keeping up appearances was the best way to cope with hardship, most accurately characterizes individual or group responses to the Great Depression.
11. The need to seek help from such a system disrupted the traditional pattern of reliance on family or other private sources for aid, most accurately describes the effects of government relief systems of the 1930s.
12. In the aftermath of the Great Depression, many urban Americans developed a desire to acquire those things that hard times had forced them to do without intensify already existing patterns of behavior.
14. The majority of married women during the depression years felt an increasing importance in their role as they struggled to keep their families afloat.
15. Middle-income American households in the 1930s typically changed their consumption patterns by buying fewer new clothes and using the telephone less.
16. Many families stretched their income by means of installment buying, most accurately characterizes the use of installment buying during the depression years.
17. Depression-era homemakers contributed to their families' economies by saving a few pennies by purchasing day-old bread and conserving fuel by putting several dishes in the oven at once.
18. The 11 million women who were gainfully employed in 1940 accounted for about 25 percent of the work force.
19. During the 1930s, the number of married women who worked outside the home rose by 50 percent.
20. Married women encountered sharp resentment and discrimination in the workplace because it was widely-though erroneously-thought that such women were taking jobs that a male breadwinner would otherwise fill married women who worked outside the home in the 1930s.
21. Few of the jobs women held were sought by men, most accurately characterizes women's employment patterns during the 1930s?
22. The patterns of work by American women in the 1930s, inside and outside the home reinforced the overall identification of women with the home.
23. The birth rate dropped by 14 percent from 1930 to 1933, most accurately characterizes demographic trends in the 1930s.
24. In most states, doctors had wide discretion in prescribing birth control for married couples during the 1930s.
25. Roughly 250,000 young people lived rootless lives as hoboes and "sisters of the road." most accurately characterizes American youth during the 1930s?
26. During the Great Depression the proportion of students who stayed in high school rose substantially, in part because boys, who traditionally tended to drop out to take jobs, now could not find work.
27. The 1.2 million young people attending college in the 1930s represented 7.5 percent of the population age eighteen to twenty-four.
28. The depression-era American film industry's Production Code Administration regulated explicit sexuality, immorality, and violence in movies.
29. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the images typically presented by American movies during the 1930s Traditional values such as democracy and individualism were reaffirmed in many films.
30. During the 1930s, urban race riots were rare in the United States, the only major one occurring in Harlem in 1935.
31. The Dust Bowl conditions of the 1930s occurred because the demand for wheat during World War I had encouraged farmers to plow up marginal land, which lost its topsoil during the drought.
32. About one in six of the migrants were professionals, business proprietors, or white-collar workers, most accurately characterizes the westward migration of southern plains farmers in the 1930s.
33. The majority of Dust Bowl migrants who settled in California had been encouraged to move there by handbills promising good jobs.
34. Formal deportation policies and voluntary emigration caused the Mexican American population to drop by about a third, most accurately characterizes the situation of Mexican Americans during the 1930s.
35. Women played leading roles in the formation of a union in the cannery industry, most accurately characterizes the labor pattern of Mexican Americans in California in the 1930s.
36. In turning to the business community for assistance in fighting the Great Depression, President Hoover urged companies to keep up high levels of production.
37. The Hoover administration responded to depressed economic conditions by urging Congress to create a system of government home-loan banks and signing the Glass-Steagall Banking Act, which made government securities available to prop up the nation's ailing banking system .
38. The Mexican American labor organizer Bert Corona found the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) the vehicle for his organizing efforts.
39. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, established in 1932 relied on the "pump-priming" strategy of making loans to businesses and financial institutions, which would then create jobs.
40. When President Hoover was urged to support a federal relief program for the unemployed, he persisted in holding that private charity, not federal aid, was the "American way."
41. In the Bonus Army incident in Washington in 1932, federal troops fired on the assembled veterans and burned their encampment.
42. The commanding officer of the federal detachment that confronted the Bonus Army was Douglas MacArthur.
43. He served as assistant secretary of the navy in the Wilson administration, most accurately describes the life and career of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
44. As the 1932 election approached voters in the Solid South saw reason to return to the Democratic fold.
45. In 1932 the Socialist Party candidate for president, Norman Thomas, drew almost a million popular votes.
46. In the early 1930s, the American Communist Party had a membership of about 1,200.
47. Strikes turned violent in the coal and automobile industries, most accurately characterizes the rising tide of public discontent with President Hoover's policies in 1931-1932.
48. It marked a watershed in American political history because with it a president for the first time turned to federal action to stimulate the economy after voluntary cooperation had failed, most accurately assesses the historical significance of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.
49. All of the following are steps that the Hoover administration took in attempting to counter the Great Depression: dramatically raising the federal public works budget, declaring a moratorium on the payment of Allied war debts and reparations, after initially cutting taxes, imposing the highest peacetime tax increase in the nation's history.
50. As a president, he is regarded as a mixture of the old and the new, and his historical reputation has risen steadily over the years, most accurately characterizes modern historians' assessment of Herbert Hoover and his presidency.

Chapter 25 the New Deal

1. In his first inaugural address, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt told Americans that the American democratic system was essentially sound.
2. The greatest strength that Franklin Roosevelt brought to the presidency in the 1930s was his ability to rebuild American confidence.
3. The Emergency Banking Act of 1933 prevented all banks from reopening until Treasury inspectors could examine their books and ascertain that they had sufficient cash reserves.
4. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) sent 250,000 young men to do reforestation and conservation work.
5. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was a New Deal agency created during the Hundred Days?
6. In combating the Great Depression, the National Recovery Administration (NRA) exercised its authority to do all of the following: fix prices, establish maximum production quotas, and establish minimum wages and maximum hours.
7. The NRA pursued policies that were closest to those earlier advocated or pursued by Bernard Baruch's War Industries Board
8. The famous New Deal slogan "We Do Our Part" was associated with theNRA.
9. In attacking unemployment and the hardships it caused, the Roosevelt administration pursued policies that provided for public works programs.
10. The administration hoped that by abandoning the gold standard and letting the price of gold rise in value like any other commodity, agricultural prices would rise and the economy as a whole would begin to recover, most accurately characterizes the Roosevelt administration's decision to take the United States off the gold standard.
11. The Townsend plan of 1933 called for giving each citizen over the age of sixty a pension of $200 a month on condition that the recipient retire and agree to spend the money within the month.
12. The "Radio Priest" Father Charles Coughlin favored nationalization of the banking system and expansion of the money supply to combat the depression.
13. Huey Long was a flamboyant campaigner with ambitions to be president.
14. In addition to old-age pensions, the Social Security Act provided for unemployment compensation.
15. Between 1935 and 1943 the Works Progress Administration (WPA) put unemployed workers directly on the federal payroll.
16. In 1935 the Roosevelt administration introduced a tax reform bill that cut taxes on the wealthy in an attempt to stimulate investment.
17. As the 1936 elections approached, southern whites was the least reliable segment of the "Roosevelt coalition".
18. In the 1936 presidential election Franklin D. Roosevelt's Republican opponent, Alfred M. Landon, won only two states-Maine and Vermont.
19. In 1937, after the Supreme Court had struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act as unconstitutional, President Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to "pack" the Court with justices more favorable to the New Deal.
20. Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term in office was less successful than his first for all of the following reasons: he was seen as a lame-duck president who would leave office in 1941, the Court-packing incident aroused strong negative reactions, a powerful conservative coalition of Republicans and southern Democrats was taking shape in Congress.
21. Between 1929 and 1940 the number of federal employees who worked in Washington, D.C. doubled.
22. All of the following statements accurately characterize the sit-down strike movement of the late 1930s: proved to be an effective tactic for the United Auto Workers in unionizing General Motors in 1936-1937, and thereafter it was successfully used in many other labor disputes, Women developed creative ways of participating in strikes, such as forming emergency brigades to supply men striking inside the factory and demonstrating outside, A law banning sit-down strikes was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1939.
23. During the Great Depression, Eleanor Roosevelt was known for all of the following: idealism syndicated newspaper column, press conferences.
24. The New Deal's most significant impact on women's working life was opportunities for service in the Civilian Conservation Corps.
25. The New Deal aided blacks by giving them a proportion of WPA jobs that exceeded blacks' representation in the general population.
26. Because of the New Deal in 1936, for the first time in American history, a majority of blacks voted with the Democratic Party.
27. Inspired by New Deal rhetoric about economic progress through cooperation, Mexican Americans increasingly identified their future with the United States rather than with Mexico, most accurately characterizes the impact of the New Deal on the Mexican American community.
28. In the 1930s, native Americans had an average annual income of $48 and an unemployment rate three times the national average.
29. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), created in 1933 provided flood control, reforestation, agricultural and industrial development, and cheap hydroelectric power for a hitherto economically impoverished and badly eroded region.
30. The New Deal's response to the Dust Bowl included the planting of Shelterbelts..
31. The Rural Electrification Administration eased the burdens of farm families in dealing with laundry, schoolwork, hauling water.
32. Federal Art Project (FAP) gave work to many of the twentieth century's leading painters, muralists, and sculptors at a point in their careers when the lack of private patronage might have prevented them from continuing their artistic production, most accurately characterizes the New Deal's impact on the fine arts in the United States.
33. During the New Deal the government sponsored all of the arts, but the most ambitious of its programs was the Federal Theatre Project.
34. During the New Deal, welfare benefits varied widely from state to state.
35. During the first year of his administration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the Soviet Union.
36. Proclaimed by the U.S. secretary of state at the Pan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1933, the policy stated that "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another," most accurately characterizes the United States' Good Neighbor Policy.
37. During the Spanish Civil War the United States sympathized with the Loyalists but was officially neutral.
38. Japan occupied Manchuria, most accurately characterizes Japanese foreign policy in the early 1930s.
39. Before 1938, Adolf Hitler signed an anti-Comintern pact with Japan.
40. While Adolf Hitler was making his first aggressive moves in Europe in 1936 and 1937, President Roosevelt publicly called for peace-loving nations to oppose aggression through a "quarantine" of aggressor nations.
41. The popular front was the slogan under which the Communist Party proposed to cooperate with liberals against fascism.
42. During the Great Depression, the American Communist Party appealed to a broad base of Americans, including labor activists, blacks, and intellectuals.
43. For many left-wing Americans, the attraction of communism suddenly ended with the announcement of the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
44. The Neutrality Act of 1935 and its 1936 and 1937 amendments required belligerent nations that wanted to buy nonmilitary goods from the United States to pay in cash and supply their own shipping.
45. As an internationalist at heart, he wanted the United States to play a more prominent role in world economic and political matters, most accurately reflects the philosophy on which Franklin Roosevelt based his foreign policy during the 1930s.
46. The Federal Writers' Project supported such young writers as Saul Bellow, Ralph Ellison, Tillie Olson, Richard Wright, and John Cheever.
47. The Federal Music Project subsidized Billy the Kid and Rodeo, ballets written by Aaron Copland.
48. All of the following were accomplishments of the New Deal conservation and construction programs: making national parks more accessible, employing a large number of Americans, providing cheap electricity.
49. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 repealed the Dawes Severalty Act of 1884.
50. In the 1936 election, blacks outside the South reversed their traditional allegiance to the Republican Party and gave Roosevelt 71percent of their votes.

Chapter 26 World at War

1. World War II began when Germany invaded Poland.
2. Most Americans favored the Allies but did not want the United States to enter the war, most accurately describes American attitudes toward the European war that broke out in 1939.
3. By the end of June 1940, Germany had overrun all of the following nations: France, Denmark, Belgium.
4. Congress initiated America's first peacetime draft registration program, most accurately characterizes American support for the Allies and America's preparation for war in 1939 and 1940.
5. In the election campaign of 1940, President Roosevelt chose Henry A. Wallace as his running mate.
6. Franklin D. Roosevelt's Republican opponent in the election of 1940 was Wendell Willkie.
7. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 identified the survival of Great Britain as the key to American security.
8. All of the following were among the "four freedoms" that Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed as American goals for the postwar world: freedom of speech and expression, freedom from want, freedom from fear.
9. After the Japanese invaded China in 1937, President Roosevelt urged peace-loving nations to "quarantine" Japan and other aggressors.
10. When in the fall of 1941 Japanese troops occupied the northern part of French Indochina, the United States effectively cut off all trade with Japan, including oil supplies vital to Japan's war effort.
11. During World War II, income tax was paid by the average citizen for the first time, was collected by payroll deductions for the first time, and was sold to taxpayers as a way to express patriotism.
12. The chief of staff of the U.S. Army during World War II was George C. Marshall.
13. With 200,000 soldiers in 1939, the American armed forces grew to about 15 million men and women by the end of World War II.
14. During World War II, Henry J. Kaiser motivated workers with high pay and fringe benefits, including an innovative prepaid health-care program.
15. Homosexuals in the armed forces found opportunities to participate in a gay subculture unavailable in civilian life, most accurately describes the experiences of minorities in the armed forces.
16. Most were assigned to the same sorts of jobs that women filled in civilian life, most accurately characterizes the role of American women in the armed forces during World War II.
17. Women made up about 36 percent of the labor force by 1945, compared with 24 percent in 1941 In the work force during World War II?
18. In shipyards men with the most seniority earned as much as three times the amount earned by women with the most seniority, most accurately characterizes the entry of women into the American work force during World War II.
19. Women who worked in World War II defense factories faced wage discrimination.
20. In June 1941, President Roosevelt issued an executive order banning discrimination in defense industries and the government on the basis of race, religion, color, or national origin primarily because he feared a disruption of war preparations.
21. During World War II Black leaders pointed out the parallels between anti-Semitism in Germany and racial discrimination in America.
22. The German POWs who commented on race relations in World War II-era America sympathized with American "colored" people.
23. The CCC New Deal program was dismantled during World War II?
24. Congress narrowed Roosevelt's 1944 bill of rights program to include only veterans, most accurately characterizes U.S. politics during the war.
25. Harry S Truman was nominated to run as Roosevelt's vice-presidential running mate in 1944 because Vice-President Wallace was considered too liberal by many party leaders, and Truman had built an excellent record in the Senate fighting wartime waste and inefficiency.
26. In the 1944 presidential election the Democrats received their margin of victory from urban areas with a population of more than 100,000.
27. On the home front during World War II per capita income more than doubled and unemployment virtually disappeared.
28. All of the following were Hollywood figures who during World War II either enlisted in the military or otherwise lent their services to the military: Jimmy Stewart, Clark Gable, Frank Capra.
29. Attendance at movies declined because the men and women in the armed forces were away and civilians were working overtime was the effect of World War II on Hollywood movies.
30. Which statement describes rationing during World War II Many bought items, such as meat, gasoline, and cigarettes on the Black Market.
31. In June 1943 a major race riot erupted in Detroit leaving thirty-four people dead.
32. Italian Americans were generally left alone unless they were fascist sympathizers most accurately characterizes the treatment of unpopular or potentially unpopular elements of the U.S. population during World War II.
33. In addition to white racism, Japanese Americans on the West Coast were also interned during World War II because immediately after Pearl Harbor, the West Coast was considered vulnerable to attack by Japanese forces.
34. When internment began in 1942, Two-thirds of Japanese Americans had been born in the United States.
35. The labor shortage in agriculture led to furloughs of seasonal Japanese American agricultural workers from relocation camps most accurately characterizes Japanese Americans' experiences during World War II.
36. At least 405,000 Americans were killed in the fighting during World War II.
37. Military and civilian deaths in the Soviet Union during World War II represented about 8 percent of that country's population, compared with the 0.5 percent of Americans killed in the war.
38. In 1941-1943 Stalin was most interested in securing a guarantee that Britain and the United States would open a second front in France to force Germany to withdraw troops from Russia.
39. The turning point of World War II in Europe came when the Soviets halted the German advance at Stalingrad in the winter of 1942-1943.
40. Instead of immediately opening a second front in France in 1942-1943, Churchill successfully insisted that the Allies invade North Africa and later Sicily and the Italian mainland.
41. D-Day, the Allied invasion of France, was June 6, 1944.
42. The Battle of the Bulge was the name given to the final German offensive in Belgium in December 1944.
43. V-E Day, on which Germany surrendered, was May 8, 1945.
44. In 1942 Japanese forces invaded all of the above.
45. In June 1942 the American navy inflicted crucial damage on the Japanese fleet in the great battle of Midway.
46. During World War II, the United States owed its major naval victories in the Pacific theater primarily to planes launched from aircraft carriers.
47. At Yalta, agreement was reached between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin that in principle Eastern Europe would be a Soviet sphere of influence, although its dimensions remained vague.
48. In the Bataan Death March, the Japanese forced all the prisoners of war-even those who had been hospitalized-to march to a prison camp, and killed those who collapsed along the way.
49. At Yalta, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on all of the following points regarding the organization and structure of the United Nations: the composition of the Security Council, the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council, the date on which the United Nations would convene.
50. President Harry S Truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to persuade Japan to surrender.

Chapter 27 The Cold War

1. The Soviet Union's greatest asset in world politics in 1945 was its vast army, victorious over the Germans and occupying Eastern Europe.
2. In 1945, American policy makers considered the Soviet Union a potentially dangerous long-term foe because They feared that the USSR might gain control of the industrial resources of Western Europe, With European colonial empires disintegrating, pro-Soviet forces might come to power in those areas, denying vital resources and strategic bases to the United States, Socialist and other left-wing governments that were coming to power in war-torn Western Europe might be manipulated by the Soviet Union.
3. Roosevelt generally worked effectively with Stalin during the war, but after the Soviets began to assert their control in Eastern Europe he grew disturbed by Soviet actions most accurately characterizes President Roosevelt's relationship with Joseph Stalin during World War II.
4. At the Potsdam Conference America's possession of the atomic bomb encouraged Truman to use "tough" methods with the Soviets.
5. In March 1946, Winston Churchill traveled to Fulton, Missouri, and made a widely publicized speech in which he warned that the Soviet Union was gaining total control over Eastern Europe.
6. The policy toward the Soviet Union advocated by George Kennan in the late 1940s was called containment.
7. The policy of containment was put into action for the first time when the United States agreed to support the government of Greece against communist guerrillas.
8. In his Truman Doctrine speech, the president asked for military and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey.
9. Containing Communism created a single Department of Defense in place of the former War and Navy departments, set up the National Security Council, and created the Central Intelligence Agency.
10. The Marshall Plan provided aid to Western Europe.
11. By 1947, the United States sought a reindustrialized West Germany.
12. George F. Kennan's "Long Telegram" of February 1946 historically important because When Kennan's informed but hard-line analysis of Soviet foreign policy reached Washington, high-level officials in the Truman administration were prepared to listen and act on his recommendations.

13. The policy toward the Soviet Union that George F. Kennan proposed in 1946 involved using diplomatic and economic pressure to confront the Soviet Union with a "counterforce" wherever it encroached on the interests of world peace and stability.
14. Between 1945 and 1949, the United States supported the regime of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) in China by providing more than $2 billion in military aid.
15. The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.
16. The National Security Council's 1950 document known as NSC-68 held that the United States must significantly increase its defense spending.
17. The content of the NSC's 1950 document NSC-68 can most accurately be described as a response to news of the Soviet Union's first nuclear test.
18. At the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel.
19. President Truman's response to the invasion of South Korea was to ask the U.N. Security Council to authorize a "police action."
20. President Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his command in Korea for insubordination when Republicans released a letter from MacArthur to the Republican minority leader in the House that criticized Truman's conduct of the war.
21. What was the outcome of the Korean War Korea was still divided.
22. He was welcomed with high approval ratings after the death of Roosevelt, but his popularity plummeted within a year, most accurately characterizes the American public's feelings about Harry Truman's presidency?
23. As World War II ended, the public's main fear was that the depression would return; one reason this did not happen was that consumers eagerly spent the savings they had amassed during the war.
24. In the elections of 1946 the Republicans captured both houses of Congress.
25. In 1948 the Republican Party adopted a brief platform that promised to continue most New Deal reforms and supported a bipartisan foreign policy.
26. The Democratic Party in 1948 was bitterly divided between liberal and states'-rights wings.
27. One reason that Harry Truman won an upset victory in 1948 was that he effectively appealed to ordinary voters.
28. In 1950 Alger Hiss was convicted of perjury.
29. Senator Joseph McCarthy lost his credibility when he attacked the U.S. Army.
30. Dwight D. Eisenhower's greatest asset as a presidential candidate was his status as a war hero.
31. Dwight D. Eisenhower's election was most likely clinched in 1952 when Eisenhower pledged to "go to Korea" and end the war.
32. Richard Nixon's "Checkers speech" saved his political career, demonstrated how politicians could exploit television to their advantage, enabled his daughters to keep a pet.
33. The "space race" began when Americans learned in 1957 that the Soviet Union had launched the first space satellite, Sputnik.
34. When the Soviet Union launched its earth satellite Sputnik, President Eisenhower responded by supporting an American space program, soon to be directed by NASA, to catch up with the Soviets.
35. In Brown v. Board of Education the Supreme Court ruled against segregated schools on the grounds that they were inherently unequal.
36. President Eisenhower sent federal soldiers to Little Rock, Arkansas, and nationalize 10,000 Arkansas National Guard troops in 1957 to enforce school desegregation because He was reluctantly pushed into action when the governor of Arkansas and white mobs defied the federal courts' desegregation orders
37. The Montgomery bus boycott began in 1955 when Rosa Parks refused to surrender a seat to a white person.
38. The Korean War ended when an armistice was signed at Panmunjom in July 1953.
39. The state of Israel created in 1948 won quick recognition from the United States.
40. President Truman's reaction to the establishment of the state of Israel was to recognize it quickly.
41. By the 1960s, perhaps as many as one in Seven Americans owed his or her job to the military-industrial complex.
42. The effects of the Cold War and the arms race on the United States in the 1950s were Bomb shelters and civil defense drills became parts of everyday life.
43. The first modern computer appeared in the 1940s and was called the ENIAC.
44. The U-2 incident concerned the Soviet Union's capture of an American spy pilot.
45. President Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev met at Geneva in 1955 for the purpose of laying the groundwork for a possible arms control treaty.
46. Egyptian president Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal after the United States withdrew an offer to finance the Aswan dam, most accurately characterizes the events surrounding the Suez crisis?
47. During the Eisenhower administration, the CIA helped to overthrow the government of Iran.
48. President Eisenhower's "New Look" military and diplomatic strategy meant that the United States would economize by developing a massive nuclear arsenal as an alternative to more expensive conventional forces.
49. The phrase "more bang for the buck" is most directly associated with Charles E. Wilson.
50. In 1956, Soviet tanks crushed an anticommunist revolt in Hungary.

Chapter 28 Affluent Society

1. The economic success of the United States after World War II was due to an advantage over the war-damaged economies of its competitors, savings accumulated during the war by Americans for postwar consumption and investment, the Bretton Woods system of international finance and trade.
2. In the 1950s, all of the nation's twelve most populous cities lost population to the suburbs: New York, Chicago, Kansas City.
3. Television in the United States in the late 1940s and the 1950s was subsidized by the government, through advertising, stimulated movie attendance as well, contributed powerfully to the homogeneity of American culture.
4. A popular television program of the 1950s that, atypically, depicted American working-class lives was "Bonanza."
5. American television programming in the 1950s contributed to the popularity of professional sports.
6. Between 1940 and 1960, the number of Americans who were church members rose from 49 percent to 69 percent of the population.
7. Norman Vincent Peale and Fulton Sheen preached a therapeutic use of religion to assist men and women in coping with the stresses of modern life.
8. The great resurgence of evangelical religion in 1950s America was most evident in the dramatic rise to popularity of Billy Graham.
9. In the 1950s, American married couples of childbearing years married at a younger age than their parents had done.
10. For almost two decades after World War II, the American population grew dramatically.
12. The conquest of polio was achieved in 1954 by the introduction of the Salk vaccine.
13. In the 1950s, Dr. Benjamin Spock became a household name in America for providing advice on baby care.
14. After the 1940s, American married women went to work in increasing numbers to supplement the family income.
15. In the 1950s, record sales boomed in the United States primarily because of the emergence of rock 'n' roll.
16. Elvis Presley was born into a Working-class family.
17. After World War II, one the largest groups of immigrants to the United States—and from 1961 to 1979, the largest—consisted of Latinos.
18. John F. Kennedy's primary objective on becoming president was to use the government's power to solve problems.
19. When the Republicans nominated Richard M. Nixon for president in 1960, President Eisenhower gave Nixon lukewarm support.
20. The "new politics" of the 1960s resulted in the new prominence of media consultants in campaigning and elections, a pivotal role for professional pollsters in elections, the growing importance of television in campaigns and elections.
21. In the 1960 election there were confirmed cases of voting fraud in Illinois, which Kennedy won by a slim margin; it was one of the states that gave him his narrow margin of victory.
22. The Kennedy administration's defense policy stressed a "flexible response."
23. During John F. Kennedy's administration, the Peace Corps often gave its volunteers the opportunity to teach English abroad.
24. Under the Alliance for Progress, the United States provided foreign aid to Latin America, most accurately characterizes the Kennedy administration's approach to international economic aid.
25. In the Cold War crisis over Berlin in the early 1960s Khrushchev severed East Berlin from the rest of the city, East Germany built the Berlin Wall, President Kennedy increased U.S. military spending, implying that he would defend West Berlin.
26. During the Cuban missile crisis the United States and the Soviet Union went on full military alert.
27. The "hot line" permitting direct telecommunications between Washington and Moscow in a crisis situation was installed as a direct result of the negotiation of a partial test ban.
28. President Kennedy's fundamental economic policy was to cut taxes and incur deficits for a few years in the expectation that an expanding economy would raise incomes and generate higher tax receipts.
29. Congress's response to President Kennedy's economic policy recommendations was to agree only at the urging of Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson, in 1964.
30. Defendants' rights were reinforced as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona.
31. The sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in the South in 1960 were led by black college students.
32. The organizer of the 1961 freedom rides was James Farmer.
33. The 1963 March on Washington was the largest American demonstration up to that time.
34. In the 1964 presidential election Johnson's running mate was Hubert H. Humphrey.
35. Medicaid was the Great Society program designed exclusively to benefit the poor and disadvantaged?
36. An achievement of the Johnson administration was the National Endowment for the Humanities.
37. President Johnson promoted the Highway Beatification Act primarily at the insistence of Lady Bird Johnson.
38. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 together with the Twenty-fourth Amendment and various legal challenges to state and local poll taxes, allowed millions of blacks to register and vote for the first time.
39. VISTA was the War on Poverty program most closely modeled on the Peace Corps?
40. The War on Poverty overpromised what it could accomplish.
41. The effort to pass the Voting Rights Act gained impetus after violence at Selma, Alabama, in March 1965.
42. The Immigration Act of 1965 replaced discriminatory national quotas with more uniform numerical limits on different regions.
43. In the 1964 presidential election, Lyndon Johnson presented himself as the "peace candidate."
44. As Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson brought to the White House a wealth of insider political experience.
45. All of the following occurred in the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination: almost instantaneous spread of the news that the president had been shot and killed, an upwelling of deep popular veneration for the youthful president, widespread and still unresolved controversy over who was responsible for it.
46. President Kennedy decided to ask for civil rights legislation after the demonstrations in Birmingham.
47. Te Kennedy administration reacted to the freedom rides and the voter registration drives launched by SNCC and CORE in 1961-1962 by giving support to the freedom riders by having the Interstate Commerce Commission pressure southern communities into desegregating interstate bus services, and it sent federal marshals to restore order, but it also authorized FBI surveillance of Martin Luther King Jr.
48. During the 1960s, the American gross national product grew at nearly twice the rate it grew during the Eisenhower years.
49. In the test ban treaty of August 1963, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed to ban all nuclear testing in the air and seas.
50. American reconnaissance aircraft detected the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba, most accurately describes the circumstances that brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of war over Cuba in 1962.

Chapter 29 Vietnam Ear

1. In the years immediately preceding World War II, Vietnam had been a French colony.
2. The leader of Vietnam's resistance to colonialism was Ho Chi Minh.
3. After World War II, the U.S. government opposed Vietnam's war for independence from France because it All of the above are correct.
4. In 1954 the Geneva Accords provided that Vietnam should be partitioned into two independent states, communist North Vietnam and anticommunist South Vietnam.
5. John F. Kennedy's policy toward South Vietnam included sending in economic development specialists to win "the hearts and minds" of the South Vietnamese people away from communist insurgents.
6. Opposition to Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam came from South Vietnamese Buddhists.
7. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution provided a justification for the introduction of American troops.
8. When he became president in November 1963, Lyndon Johnson was told by his advisors that only a full-scale deployment of U.S. forces could prevent South Vietnam's collapse.
9. From 1965 to 1973, the United States dropped five times as many bombs on North Vietnam as had fallen on Europe, Asia, and Africa during World War II.
10. American combat missions shifted from a defensive stance to a search-and-destroy campaign designed to uncover and kill Vietcong forces took place in the summer of 1965 without being revealed by the Johnson administration
11. By 1968, at the peak of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, the number of American troops in Vietnam had reached about 540,000.
12. One reason why the United States failed to win in Vietnam was that American public opinion limited the options of military strategy.
13. The tour of duty served by an American soldier in Vietnam was one year.
14. American soldiers in Vietnam fought primarily in skirmishes rather than large-scale battles.
15. In the face of mounting domestic criticism and growing evidence that the Vietcong could continue to fight indefinitely, by 1967 President Johnson insisted that victory in Vietnam was vital to U.S. national security and prestige.
16. By 1968 the American economy was experiencing a severe inflationary spiral that would last for more than a decade,most accurately characterizes the economic consequences of the Vietnam War.
17. Early opponents of U.S. involvement in Vietnam stressed its inconsistency with American ideals, the uncertainty of its ability to help the Vietnamese people, the futility of an attempt to establish an anticommunist government in South Vietnam.
18. The Free Speech Movement at Berkeley arose in response to the university's ban on political activity at a campus site traditionally reserved for leafleting and recruiting by student groups.
19. Mario Savio compared the protesting students of Berkeley's Free Speech Movement to civil rights activists in Mississippi.
20. During the 1960s, students at universities across America rebelled against the impersonality of campus life.
21. Student protesters of the 1960s targeted Dow Chemical Company especially because it produced napalm and Agent Orange for use in Vietnam.
22. At first, Lyndon Johnson thought that the opponents of the Vietnam War were "nervous Nellies."
23. "Turn on, tune in, drop out" was the message associated most directly with former university professor Timothy Leary.
24. In 1966, the slogan "Black Power" was first used by Stokely Carmichael.
25. In the "long hot summers" of 1964-1968 charges of police brutality often sparked riots.
26. By the 1960s, native Americans numbered about 800,000.
27. Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique was read primarily by white, middle-class women.
28. NOW consciously modeled itself on the NAACP.
29. The Tet offensive was all of the following: a psychological victory for the Vietcong, a major factor in the shift of American public opinion about the war, a major factor in a shift in the conduct of the war.
30. As a result of the Tet offensive the Gallup Poll found that for the first time more Americans identified themselves as "doves" than as "hawks."
31. Robert F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968 soon after Eugene McCarthy's strong showing in the New Hampshire primary.
32. As a result of the Chicago convention in 1968, much of the American public perceived the Democratic Party at that time as the party of disorder.
33. Richard Nixon successfully campaigned for the presidency in 1968 by taking advantage of the split in the Democratic coalition, claiming to represent the "quiet Americans" who did not engage in noisy public protests, appealing to southern whites.
34. In 1968, Richard Nixon's vice-presidential candidate was selected because he would attract conservative southern whites who might otherwise vote for George Wallace.
35. From 1969 to 1972, Richard Nixon's strategy to end the Vietnam War was to reduce American troop involvement and turn over most of the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese army.
36. After President Nixon began his policy of "VIETNAMIZATION" congressional criticism of and opposition to the war increased.
37. The tragedies at Kent State University and Jackson State College occurred during protests against President Nixon's decision to order American troops into Cambodia.
38. My Lai was the site of a massacre in the Vietnam War.
39. The Christmas bombings of 1972 were the most destructive of the war.
40. The 1973 Paris Peace Accords led to the release of American prisoners of war.
41. After the United States withdrew its forces from South Vietnam the North Vietnamese army overwhelmed the South Vietnamese forces and forcibly reunited Vietnam in 1975.
42. The Vietnam War cost the lives of about 58,000 American troops.
43. Soldiers in the Vietnam War typically returned to the United States with no preparation for the transition to civilian life.
44. The Vietnam War is estimated to have cost the lives of 1.5 million Vietnamese people.
45. The War Powers Act stated that the president must report any use of military force within forty-eight hours and that hostilities must cease within sixty days unless Congress declares war.
46. John Paul Vann believed that a successful appeal to South Vietnam's civilian population was the key to winning the Vietnam War.
47. By the early 1970s, American options in international relations were being reshaped by domestic inflation and the increasing burden on the United States of heavy military spending.
48. On the eve of the presidential election of 1972 Henry Kissinger made enough concessions to North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho to be able to announce that "peace is at hand."
49. Between 1969 and 1971, President Nixon's Vietnam policy succeeded in significantly reducing the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam.
50. Campus protests against the Vietnam War declined sharply in size and emotional intensity after 1970 because: Many veteran dissenters were simply "burned out," while others turned to issues such as environmentalism and feminism, The spreading of the war into Cambodia deprived the antiwar movement of its focus, Most colleges took a tough stand against the protest movement, including disciplinary expulsions and tightened course requirements to ensure that students spent more time studying.

Chapter 30 The Lean Years

1. The "New Federalism" is most accurately defined as Richard Nixon's plan for trimming back some Great Society programs and shifting some responsibilities from the federal government to the states.
2. In the early 1970s, the Family Assistance Plan was an effort at welfare reform.
3. All of the following were Nixon administration initiatives: Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Consumer Product Safety Commission.
4. In selecting Supreme Court justices, President Nixon sought candidates who favored conservative social values.
5. When Chief Justice Earl Warren retired, President Nixon nominated Warren Burger to replace him.
6. Richard Nixon's Supreme Court nominee Harry Blackmun wrote the controversial decision in Roe v. Wade that gave constitutional protection to a woman's right to choose to have an abortion.
7. The downfall of President Nixon is most accurately attributed to his broad pattern of illegal activities.
8. The so-called Pentagon Papers was a classified study of the American conduct of the Vietnam War commissioned by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and later leaked to the New York Times.
9. The Nixon-era White House "plumbers," an intelligence group organized to prevent leaks of government information, were headed by G. Gordon Liddy and Howard Hunt.
10. In 1972 the Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP): supplied funds used for illegal activities by the Nixon White House, extracted contributions from corporations by implying that failure to contribute would result in federal tax audits, carried out its activities under the leadership of Attorney General John Mitchell.
11. President Nixon's obstruction of justice began when he sent word to the FBI not to investigate links between the Watergate burglars and his administration.
12. In March 1973, soon after the Senate voted to establish a select committee to investigate the Watergate burglary White House counsel John Dean warned President Nixon that there was "a cancer within, close to the presidency, that is growing"?
13. The turning point in the Watergate hearings came when a White House aide revealed that Nixon had secretly taped all conversations in his office.
14. In the "Saturday Night Massacre" in October 1973, President Nixon fired Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox.
15. The "smoking gun" found in the unexpurgated White House tapes that Nixon was finally forced to release in August 1974, which made it virtually certain that the Senate would convict him in an impeachment trial, was direct evidence that Nixon had ordered the Watergate cover-up as early as six days after the break-in.
16. Gerald Ford, who became president upon Richard Nixon's resignation and was the nation's first non-elected vice-president, had been House minority leader before his appointment to the vice-presidency.
17. The most direct reason that Vice-President Spiro Agnew was forced out of office was the fact that he was indicted for accepting kickbacks on construction contracts while governor of Maryland.
18. President Gerald Ford's publicly stated reason for pardoning Richard Nixon "for all offenses he had committed or might have committed during his presidency" was that he wished to spare the country the agony of rehashing Watergate.
19. Between 1973 and 1975, OPEC raised the price of a barrel of oil from $3 to $12, and at the end of the 1970s the price peaked at $34.
20. During the 1970s, American workers ceased to experience yearly increases in real income.
21. Discretionary income per worker decreased by 18 percent between 1973 and the early 1980s, Inflation first peaked at 10 percent in 1974 and then reached more than 13 percent in 1980, The average price of a single-family home doubled, most accurately characterizes the performance of the American economy in the 1970s
22. Problems at the Love Canal housing development brought national attention to chemical waste disposal.
23. During the era of heightened environmental awareness of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a notable environmental issue involved a U.S. government facility at Hanford, Washington.
24. In 1979 a nuclear reactor came close to meltdown at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania.
25. The Clean Air Act of 1970 set standards for auto emissions.
26. Ralph Nader launched a national network of consumer groups to focus on environmental pollution and other safety issues.
27. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was passed by Congress in 1972 and ratified by thirty-four states by the end of 1974, but thereafter stalled and was never ratified.
28. Women who believed that feminism denigrated full-time housewives were galvanized to oppose the ERA by Phyllis Schlafly.
29. In Roe v. Wade the Supreme Court established that a state cannot restrict a woman's right to an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy.
30. By the mid-1970s, conservative women and men, as well as many nonwhite and working-class women, opposed the ERA because they thought it would: lead to the drafting of women for military service and to unisex public toilets, eliminate protective legislation that benefited working-class women, undermine traditional gender roles.
31. The "feminization" of poverty during the 1970s meant that by 1980 women accounted for 66 percent of the nation's adults living below the poverty line.
32. The political issue involving gay men and lesbians that drew the greatest attention in the 1970s was that of the inclusion of gay men and lesbians as a protected group under civil rights laws covering employment and housing.
33. Busing to achieve racially integrated schools decreased after the late 1970s because judges began to back off from insisting on it.
34. Federal policies calling for affirmative action to redress historical patterns of race and sex discrimination in employment and education had their origins in rules issued by Lyndon Johnson's administration in 1965.
35. In Bakke v. University of California the Supreme Court ruled that strict racial quotas were unconstitutional.
36. In 1978, California voters began a national trend by enacting a ballot initiative called Proposition 13 that reduced property taxes.37. Gerald Ford's presidency suffered as a result of: his decision to pardon Richard Nixon, America's growing distaste for politicians and government, a faltering economy.
38. Jimmy Carter's greatest asset in the 1976 campaign was his "outsider" status.
39. During his presidency, Jimmy Carter's inner core of advisors were friends from Georgia.
40. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, President Carter curtailed U.S. grain sales to the USSR and organized an American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.
41. A crisis developed in American-Iranian relations in 1979 because of American support for the deposed shah of Iran.
42. The Americans seized by radical Iranian students on November 4, 1979, remained hostages for 14 months.
43. Before running for president in 1980, Ronald Reagan did all of the following: serve as president of the Screen Actors Guild after World War II, undergo a political metamorphosis from New Deal Democrat to conservative Republican, serve as governor of California from 1967 to 1975, and make an unsuccessful bid for the presidency in 1976.
44. By the late 1970s, the Republican Party held an important advantage over the Democratic Party in the form of superior financial resources.
45. The New Right, which emerged as a major force in American politics by 1980, called for all of the following : banning abortion, permitting school prayer, mandating the death penalty for certain crimes.
46. Iran released the American hostages and ended the long hostage crisis when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated president.
47. Throughout Carter's administration, the central theme of its foreign policy was a commitment to human rights.
48. President Jimmy Carter responded to the energy crisis of the 1970s, by calling efforts to conserve energy "the moral equivalent of war."
49. Carter administration's policy toward economic regulation was an effort to counter inflation, it encouraged the deregulation of the airline, trucking, and railroad industries and the decontrol of gas and oil prices.
50. Facing double-digit inflation during the Carter presidency, the Federal Reserve Board raised interest rates to a historic high of 20 percent.

Chapter 31 New Domestic/World Order

1. Ronald Reagan brought to the presidency great communication skills.
2. At the center of Reaganomics was a commitment to cut taxes.
3. Supply-side economics as practiced by the Reagan administration rested on the theory that cutting taxes sharply would allow businesses and individuals to invest more in economy-expanding enterprises.
4. The Reagan administration cut spending for all of the following programs: food stamps, unemployment compensation, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).
5. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposed system of satellite and laser shields to detect and intercept incoming missiles.
6. Profits from the secret sale of arms to Iran in the 1980s were used to aid the Contras in Nicaragua.
7. The greatest legacy of the Reagan presidency was the creation of a huge federal debt.
8. George Bush's campaign for the presidency in 1988 was characterized by harshly negative attacks on his opponent.
9. In 1988 George Bush defeated Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis.
10. The Gramm-Rudman Act of 1985 required a balanced budget by 1991.
11. George Bush paid a heavy political price when in 1991 he agreed to a combination of spending cuts and tax increases.
12. By 1991, the United States was facing a financial squeeze on state and local governments, which were forced by federal cutbacks to choose between cutting essential services and raising taxes.
13. In a 1992 decision the Supreme Court reaffirmed the essential holding of Roe v. Wade.
14. President Bush's most controversial Supreme Court nomination was Clarence Thomas.
15. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika called for tolerating significant changes in the Soviet bloc and in Soviet relationships with the rest of the world.
16. George Kennan, the only architect of the original containment policy who lived to see the collapse of the Soviet Union stated his belief that no one had "won" the Cold War.
17. Saddam Hussein's call for jihad against the United States in the Persian Gulf War meant that he was asking Arab Muslims to overthrow pro-American regimes in their countries.
18. The Persian Gulf War was popular with Americans because it was short, U.S. casualties were low, it seemed to banish the embarrassment of Vietnam.
19. From the late nineteenth century through World War II, productivity grew at an average of about 1.8 percent per year, enough to double living standards every forty years, most accurately characterizes the relationship between productivity and income distribution in modern America.
20. In 1991 the typical American family's real income was 5 percent higher than it had been in 1973.
21. In 1994, the traditional nuclear family of employed father, homemaker mother, and children was found in about 15 percent of U.S. households.
22. In inner cities in the 1990s, unemployment rates rose as high as 60 percent.
23. The riots that erupted in Los Angeles in April 1992 took sixty lives and caused $850 million in property damage.
24. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981.
25. The U.S. medical and health care system was slow to develop research on a cure and/or treatment for AIDS because most of its early victims were homosexuals.
26. The Internet was first developed by the Department of Defense.
27. The World Wide Web originated in 1991, making the Internet more accessible to all and thus commercially attractive.
28. Bill Gates owed his phenomenal success in high technology primarily to his realization that there was money to be made by writing software for personal computers, even before the PC became a reality.
29. In the 1992 presidential campaign the Democrats nominated the first ticket of "baby boomer" candidates, born after World War II.
30. During his first term, liberals, environmentalists, and unionists were in general pleased with Bill Clinton's appointments to the cabinet and Supreme Court.
31. During his first term, Bill Clinton's responded to widespread public concerns about crime and gun violence by backing over the opposition of the National Rifle Association, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act was passed in 1993, and in 1994 a much wider piece of legislation banned certain types of assault weapons and authorized large expenditures for stepped-up law enforcement and prison construction.
32. By the 1990s, the U.S. health care system suffered from a number of problems, including: lack of insurance for about one-sixth of the population, rising insurance premiums, medical costs increasing at twice the rate of inflation.
33. During Clinton's first term, the U.S. armed forces intervened directly in the Yugoslav War.
34. With the end of the Cold War, many Americans hoped for a peace dividend, redirecting money from defense to domestic programs. The defense spending declined between 1989 and 1994, but the small peace dividend that resulted was swallowed up by the huge deficit.
35. All of the following were investigated by independent counsels during the Clinton administration: allegations about the Clintons' involvement with the defunct Whitewater Development Corporation and a bankrupt S&L called Madison Guaranty, Agriculture Secretary Mike Espy, HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros, Commerce Secretary Ron Brown, Labor Secretary Alexis Herman, Attorney General Janet Reno, and Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt, the suicide of White House aide Vincent Foster.
36. Social Security proved untouchable, defense spending had not been reduced substantially, and interest on the national debt had to be paid, Congress could only make cuts in health care and discretionary spending most accurately characterizes the "Contract with America," with which the Republicans won Congress in 1994?
37. The most important breakthrough in the introduction of the personal computer into American life occurred in 1977, when the Apple II personal computer went on the market.
38. It influenced "30-second sound bites" in television news USA Today adopted its style, It appealed to a generation raised on "Sesame Street, most accurately characterizes the impact of MTV on contemporary America?
39. By the 1990s, all of the following environmental problems appeared to be essentially beyond the reach of any single nation's control and to demand international cooperation: ozone depletion, acid rain, global warming.
40. All of the following statements accurately characterize the American women's movement in the 1980s and 1990s: It was becoming divided along lines of race and class Spearheaded by New Right leaders and the media, an increasing number of conservatives held the women's movement responsible for every ill afflicting modern women, Many young women felt that the movement had become too obsessed with women as passive victims rather than offering women models of empowerment.
41. Between 1980 and 1990, Asian immigration into the United States increased by more than 100 percent.
42. According to the 1990 census, persons of African, Asian, Hispanic, or American Indian ancestry accounted for One-fourth of the American population.
43. The labor movement was declining in the face of downsizing, government opposition, and changing work patterns, most accurately characterizes the situation of organized labor in the United States during the 1990s.
44. In the 1980s and early 1990s the Ford Motor Company, faced with huge losses, acted in a manner typical of a company "reinventing" itself by introducing a new, high-quality product that would please consumers.
45. The experience of American forces that fought in the Persian Gulf differed from the experience of those that had fought in Vietnam in that Women played a much larger role.
46. Hardliners in the Soviet Union attempted a coup d'état against Gorbachev in the summer of 1991, but it failed and instead accelerated the collapse of the USSR.
47. In 1987 the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to scrap all intermediate-range missiles in Europe.
48. Terrorist attacks abroad in the 1980s caused President Reagan to order retaliatory air strikes against Muammar Khadafy of Libya.
49. After a Senate committee investigated Anita Hill's charge that she had been sexually harassed by Clarence Thomas a national poll revealed that four out of ten women said that they had been the object of unwanted sexual advances from men at work.
50. In 1987, a stock market crash and the end of the real estate and construction boom hurt the S&Ls badly, forcing some of them into bankruptcy and obliging the federal government to make good its guarantee to depositors, most accurately characterizes the background or course of the savings and loan crisis that the Bush administration faced.